Research

• The Methodology


  discusses in detail how the study conducted
• Narrative


  study the lives of individuals
• Phenomenology


  essence of human experiences about a phenomenon
• Case Study


  investigate the root cause and provide intervention
• Ethnography


  study an intact cultural group in a natural setting
• Grounded Theory


  constant comparison of data to maximize the differences and similarities
• Research Design

  1. Narrative
  2. Phenomenology
  3. Case Study
  4. Grounded Theory
  5. Ethnography
• Participants


  someone who meets the criteria set by the researchers
• Steps in Sampling

  1. Specify your sampling frame
  2. Specify your sampling method
  3. Determine your sample size
• Phenomenology - 1 to 10
• Grounded Theory 20-30
• Ethnography - 4-5
• Probability Sampling


  which all the members of the entire population have the change to become the respondents; commonly used in qualititative research
• Simple Random Sampling 


  the researchers randomly selects a subset of participants
• Systematic Random Sampling


  method that requires selecting samples based on a system of intervals in a numbered population
• Stratified Random Sampling


  researchers divide subjects into subgroups called strata based on characteristics that they share
• Cluster Sampling


  researchers divide a population, into smaller groups known as clusters. They then randomly select among these clusters to form a sample.
• Probability Sampling

  1. Simple Random Sampling
  2. Systematic Random Sampling
  3. Stratified Random Sampling
  4. Cluster Sampling
• Convenience Sampling


  allow choosing of participants based on accessibility and willingness to be participants of the study.
• Snowball Sampling


  the researchers ask someone completing a survey to recommend the next potential respondent to complete the survey
• Non Probability Sampling

  1. Convenience Sampling
  2. Snowball Sampling
• Data Collection 


  phase where the researchers collects data from the participants
• Instrumentation

  the process of how the instrument was made, validated, tested and used
• Validity


  a valid instrument measures what it intends to measure
• Face Validity


  grammar, format, alignment of questions to SOP
• Construct Validity


  the extend to which the instrument measure the criterion being studied
• Content Validity


  how well the instrument measures the individuals aspects of the criterion
• Criterion Validity


  how related the instrument is to other instrument that measures the same variable
• Reliability


  consistency of the research instruments
• "all valid instruments are reliable, but not all reliable instruments are valid"
• Instruments


  refers to the devices that you use to collect your data from the respondents or participants.
• Interviews


  interaction where verbal question are posed by an interviewed to elicit verbal responses from an interviewee.
• Types of Validity

  1. Face Validity
  2. Construct Validity
  3. Content Validity
  4. Criterion Validity
• Structured Interview


  a format set of questions posed to each interviewee and recorded using a standardized procedures
• Unstructured Interview


  a less formal set of questions, the interviewer modifies the sequence and wordings of questions.
• Non-Directive Interview 


  an unguided interview, including open-ended questions and use of spontaneous engagement.
• Focus Interview


  an emphasis on the interviewees subjective and personal responses where the interviewer engage to elicit more information
• Focus Group Interview


  a group of selected participants are asked about their opinion or perceptions concerning a particular topic
• Types of Interview

  1. Structured Interview
  2. Unstructured Interview
  3. Non-Directive Interview
  4. Focus Interview
  5. Focus Group Interview