PHILO 1ST REVIEWER

• Philosophy


  Philo - "to love", Sophia- "wisdom"
• Science


  • Systematic investigation
• Natural light of reason

  The Philosopher uses his natural capacity to think or simply, human reason alone or the so-called unaided reason
• Branches of Philosophy


  • Cognitive Branches
  • Normative Branches
• Metaphysics

  A study of "Reality/Existence"
• Epistemology


  Concerned with the definition of "Knowledge & Wisdom"
• Logic


  Deals with the nature of "Thinking & Reasoning"
• Types of Logic


  • Inductive Reasoning
  • Deductive Reasoning
• Inductive Reasoning


  Specific reasoning to general conclusion, logically true but may or may not be realistically true
• Deductive Reasoning


  General reasoning to specific conclusion, logically true and realistically true
• Normative Branches


  • Ethics
  • Politics
  • Aesthetics
• Ethics


  The Science of Correct doing, related to FREEDOM
• Political Philosophy


  Body of knowledge that looked up on the society, politics, and the people making it home, related to KNOWLEDGE
• Aesthetics


  Perceptible of things through sensation, feelings or intuitions, related to BEAUTY
• Aesthetic Subjectivism


  Related to moral subjectivism
• Aesthetic Objectivism


  There is an objective quality to beauty
• Truth


  A fact that has been verified
• Knowledge


  Must be truthful to gain validity/acceptance
• Socratic Questioning


  A type of interrogative statement that clarifies points through understanding the deeper meaning of claim
• Socratic Method


  To inquire or cross-examine is an exchange of ideas using Socratic Questioning
• Dialectic Method


  The act of talking back and forth, disagreeing with one another and coming up with a conclusion from an exchange of contradicting arguments
• Scientific Method


  Involves process of experimentation & observation
• Historical Method


  The process of gathering evidence, examining them and formulating ideas about the past to come up with present truth
• Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning, some are intentional as the person making the claim is desperate to convince others
• Argumentum ad hominem


  An abusive fallacy, abusive attack against someone making an argument instead of addressing the argument itself
• Argumentum ad baculum


  Appeal to force, using a threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument/ to gain acceptance for their conclusion
• Argumentum ad misericordiam


  Appeal to pity, using emotions such as pity and sympathy
• Argumentum ad populum


  Appeal to majority, idea is presented as acceptable because majority of people accept it
• Argumentum ad antiquitatem


  Appeal to tradition, the idea is acceptable 'cause it has been true for a long time
• Argumentum ad verecundiam


  Misusing an authority
• Dicto simpliciter


  Sweeping generalization, argument based on unqualified generalization
• Fallacy of composition


  Assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole
• Fallacy of division


  What is true for the whole is true for its part
• Hasty generalization


  Generalization is reached too hastily, there are few instances or evidences to support such a conclusion
• Petitio principii


  Begging the question, assuming that the thing or idea to be proven is true (circular reasoning)
• Post hoc


  False cause, assuming 'cause-and-effect' relationship between two unrelated events
• Metaphysics explores fundamental concepts such as being, reality, substance, causality, identity, time, space, change, possibility, necessity, and modality.
• Philosophy of religion deals with questions about the existence or non-existence of God, the nature of religious experience, and the role of faith in human life.
• Theology is the systematic study of God, his attributes, nature, and relationship with humans.
• Aesthetics concerns beauty, art, taste, and creativity, exploring how we perceive and appreciate works of art and their impact on our lives.