Cognitive

• The branch of psychology that explores the operation of mental processes related to perceiving, attending, thinking, language, and memory, mainly through inferences from behavior

  Cognitive Psychology
• He is a rationalist and believes that the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis

  Plato
• He is an Empiricist and believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence

  Aristotle
• felt that one could not rely on one’s senses because those very senses have often proven to be deceptive

  Rene Descartes
• believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore must seek knowledge through empirical observation

  John Locke
• Blank State (We are born without anything)

  Tabula Rasa
• argued that both rationalism and empiricism have their place–which is accepted by most psychologists in the present

  Immanuel Kant
• First major school of thought in psychology

  Structuralism
• seeks to understand the structure of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components

  Structuralism
• Founder of Structuralism

  Wilhelm Wundt
• looking inward at pieces of information passing through consciousness

  Introspection
• he certainly helped bring structuralism to the United States and his experiments relied solely on the use of introspection

  Edward Titchener
• Suggested that psychologists should focus on the processes of thought rather than on its contents

  Functionalism
• believed in using whichever methods best answered a given researcher’s questions

  Functionalists
• knowledge is validated by its usefulness

  Pragmatism
• leader in guiding functionalism toward pragmatism; authored the Principles of Psychology

  William James
• Examines how elements of the mind can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning

  Associationism
• what may result to Associations?

  Contiguity, similarity, contrast
• was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles systematically

  Hermann Ebbinghaus
• using nonsense syllables

  rehearsal
• held that the role of “satisfaction” is the key to forming associations

  Edward Lee Thorndike
• Thorndike termed this principle:

  Law of Effect
• Focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli

  Behaviorism
• his landmark work paved the way for the development of behaviorism

  Ivan Pavlov
• Father of Radical Behaviorism

  John B. Watson
• He believed that psychologists must concentrate only on observable behavior

  John B. Watson
• proposed the concept of operant conditioning –strengthening or weakening behavior through rewards and punishments

  B.F. Skinner
• Behaviorists regarded the mind as a black box that the internal processes cannot be accurately described because they are not observable

  Peaking in the "black box"
• suggested that all behavior is directed towards a goal

  Edward Tolman
• Forefather of Modern Cognitive Psychology

  Edward Tolman
• stated that learning appears to result from observations of the rewards or punishments given to others

  Albert Bandura
• We best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured wholes

  Gestalt Psychology
• is the belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think

  Cognitivism
• considered the brain to be an active, dynamic organizer of behavior – most of which are not readily explicable in terms of simple conditioning

  Karl Spencer Lashley
• proposed the concept of cell assemblies as the basis for learning in the brain

  Donald Hebb
• coordinated neural structures that develop through frequent stimulation

  Cell Assemblies
• stressed both the biological basis and the creative potential of language

  Noam Chomsky
• a computer program would be judged as successful to the extent that its output was indistinguishable, by humans, from the output of humans

  Turing test
• – the attempt by humans to construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the intelligent processing of information

  Artificial Intelligence
• people’s understanding and control of their own thinking processes

  Metacognition