Unit 5

• Mazzini - "the heart"
• Cavour - "the brains"
• Garibaldi - "the sword"
• Nationalism is extreme loyalty to a nation and its best interests, it is the belief that your own country is superior to others. The elements of nationalism are Culture - shared beliefs in a way of life create a common bond, History - a shared past connects people as a group, Religion - a common religion helps unite people, Language - a common language is a key element of nationalism, and Territory - a shared land gives people a sense of unity
• It further aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on a combination of shared social characteristics such as culture, ethnicity, geographic location, language, politics (or the government), religion, traditions and belief in a shared singular history, and to promote national unity or solidarity.
• Mazzini was the “heart” of Italian unification. He launched a nationalist group called “Young Italy” to fight for unification of Italian states. Camillio di Cavor was the “brains” of Italian unification and believed Italy should be reborn as a monarchy and that a thriving economy was important for the rebirth of Italy. He founded a nationalist newspaper and got France to agree to support Sardinia in the war against Austria. Garibaldi was the “sword” of Italian unification and joined the Young Italy movement. He had followers known as Red Shirts. The Red Shirts helped gain control of Sicily.
• 1. Otto Von Bismark led German unification. He supported monarchy and believed Prussia was destined to lead German people to Unification. Prussian war with Denmark - victory for Prussia and united northern German States. Austro-Prussian War - Victory for Prussia who controlled all but 3 German States. Franco-Prussian War - France versus Prussia, a final victory for Prussia who united all of the German States. Treaty was signed at Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors, this upset the French. 
• Imperialism is the process of one people ruling, controlling another for economic and political gain ( Empire building, colonization). People wanted resources that they don’t have on their mainland. They wanted to spread their ideas and get more power. It was justified by racism, the Europeans thought that they were better than others, so they could colonize people who already had a system. Europe had an advantage because of their advanced technology.
• What was the Sepoy Mutiny? 1857 rebellion. The sepoys were Indian soldiers who fought in the British Army. Muslims and Hindus were offended because of the way you had to load a gun. It was greased with pork or beef fat which those religions don’t eat. Big battle, lots dead and captured. The British called it a Mutiny, India calls it a rebellion. 
• What was the British Raj? A period of British rule over the Indian subcontinent
• Explain the Scramble for Africa. European Nations met together to divide African territory. Berlin Conference- for European nations to claim new African territory,it had to prove it could control territory. No attention paid to ethnic boundaries in dividing Africa. Africa had a lot of natural resources, they were needed during the Industrial Revolution. After nations passed laws abolishing the slave trade, Europeans looked to africa for raw material. King Leopold exploited people in the Congo for rubber induiialization
• What gave Europeans an advantage and allowed them to colonize “weaker” people? Guns, Germs, and Steel. They were advanced and had better weapons than the other places that they colonized. They created guns and machine guns that could take out natives because they still used spears. They also spread their diseases to natives.
• What was the Treaty of Nanjing? It was the  treaty that ended the first Opium War, the first of the unequal treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers.
• What were the indirect causes of WW1?  MAIN. Militarism - military competition, people being paranoid about being taken over by neighbors. Britain has a strong navy and wanted to stay that way. Alliances - Triple Entente: France, Britain, Russia. Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, Austrian-Hungary. Italy ended up switching sides because they wanted a part of the Ottoman Empire and Austria when they were defeated. Imperialism - imperial competition, coliones, brought other nations into conflict with them. Nationalism - new areas of interest for competition.
• What was the direct cause? Assasination of Archduke Ferdinand by Princip
• How did the sinking of the Lusitania affect WW1? The sinking of the Lusitania led to widespread criticism of Germany because people thought that German torpedoes sank it.  Germany soon re-imposed its own restrictions on its submarines. But by early 1917, Germany was on the verge of losing the war.
• What was the Zimmerman telegraph and what impact did it have? The telegram further conveyed Germany's intentions should America enter the war. That included urging Mexico to join Germany in declaring war against the United States. In exchange, Germany committed to assist Mexico in regaining its lost territories of Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico.
• What is trench warfare?  Warfare inside of trenches. Dirty, muddy,disease spreads and dead bodies everywhere.
• Why does Russia leave WWI?  because it was in the interest of Russian Communists (Bolsheviks) who took power in November 1917. Who takes their place on the side of the allies? The United States
• What resulted from the October Revolution? a Bolshevik victory in the Russian civil war that followed, and the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922.
• Who was Vladmir Lenin and why was he important? He was a Bolshevik leader, Lenin gave land to  peasants , and put workers in control of factories. In March 1921, Lenin launched the New Economic Policy; it has some  capitalism . He  creates self-governing  republics under national government.
• What does Russia become after its revolution? What party is in power? The Bolsheviks would later become the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• Adam Smith 

  Wealth of Nations - 1776

  Laissez-faire economics is Hands free from Government Regulation. Economy controlled by the forces of Supply and Demand. Called the Invisible Hand of the Market. Where supply and demand meet is called equilibrium. Individual based economic system where profit and wealth creation is the goal.  Main criticism of Capitalism is the unequal distribution of wealth Large gap between the rich and the poor 
• Fridrich Hayek

  Road To Serfdom - 1944

  The economy must consist of free market forces. Boom and Bust cycles should be avoided. Focus on the long-run. Individuals are rational. Economic regulation is a negative. Bail-outs are bad. Individuals act in their own best interest. Savings should be kept for the future. Inefficient/bad firms should be liquidated. The economy will settle at a suboptimal level unhindered. 
• John Maynard Keynes

  The General Theory - 1936

  The economy can be controlled by the government. The economy must be pulled out of a bust. Focus on the short-run. Individuals have ‘animal spirits’ Economic regulation is a positive. Ball outs are good. Government acts in the best interest of the public. Savings should be spent now. Inefficient/bad firms should be kept afloat. The economy can settle out a sub-optimal level without intervention
• Robert Owen 

  Socialism. Society owns property and controls business. Communities should be self sufficient. Created a town called New Harmony where he instituted his theory. Social democracy. A political movement advocating a gradual and peaceful transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic means. A democratic welfare state that incorporates both capitalist and socialist practices. Issue: High Taxation rates. 
• Karl Marx

  More radical socialism. Predicted collapse of capitalism. poverty and a workers’ revolution of Proletariat against the bourgeoisie. Das Kapital and COmmunist Manifesto. Communist. Government owns means of production, controls economic planning. Goal is total equality. No private property. Issue: Lack of Innovation and incentive. 
• Capitalism

  • Private ownership of industry 
  • freedom of competition 
  • results in unequal economic classes
• Socialism

  • government owns industry 
  • goal is to close the gap between rich and poor
• Communism

  • Goal of classless society achieved
  • Total Equality
  • Government controls all