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Cards (470)
Cells
The basic
building
blocks of life that can replicate
independently
Multicellular organisms like animals and plants contain many cells that
divide
to grow or
replace dead cells
, not to create new organisms</b>
Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms
Subcellular structures common to animal and plant cells
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Plant cells
Have a
rigid
cell wall made of
cellulose
Contain a
permanent vacuole
with
cell sap
Contain
chloroplasts
for
photosynthesis
Bacterial cells
Lack mitochondria and chloroplasts
Have a single circular strand of DNA instead of a nucleus
May have additional plasmids
May have flagella for movement
Bacteria
are
unicellular
organisms, each individual cell is a whole organism
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, using
chlorophyll
to absorb
light
energy
Mitochondria
in cells break down
glucose
through aerobic respiration to provide energy
Key groups of living organisms
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protists
Bacteria
Viruses
Animals
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
Reproduce
sexually
Plants
Multicellular
Autotrophs
(get energy from sun via
photosynthesis
)
Fungi
Some are
multicellular
, some are
unicellular
Heterotrophs
(get energy from other organisms)
Use
saprotrophic
nutrition (secrete digestive enzymes, absorb nutrients)
Some have a
mycelium
body made of
hyphae
Some are
pathogens
that can cause disease
Protists
Mostly
unicellular
Some are
autotrophs
(can
photosynthesize
), some are heterotrophs (
consume
other organisms)
Some are
pathogens
that can cause
disease
(e.g.
malaria
)
Bacteria
Unicellular
Some can photosynthesize but don't have chloroplasts
Most feed off other living or dead organisms
Estimated to have more species than all other kingdoms combined
Some are pathogens that can cause disease, but most are harmless or helpful
Viruses
Tiny
particles, not cells
Have a
protein
coat surrounding genetic material (
DNA
or RNA)
Can only reproduce by
infecting
and using other living cells
Always act as
pathogens
, causing
harm
to host organisms
Eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, protists) have DNA in chromosomes and a nucleus, while prokaryotes (bacteria) have loose DNA and no nucleus
Viruses are much smaller than
prokaryotic
cells, around
10-100
times smaller
Microscopy
The use of
microscopes
How light microscopes work
1. Light from the room hits the
mirror
2.
Reflected upwards
through the object
3. Passes through the
objective
lens
4. Passes through the
eyepiece
lens
5. Into the
eye
Object
The
real object
or
sample
that you're looking at
Image
The image that we see when we look down the
microscope
Magnification
How many times
larger
the
image
is than the object
Magnification =
image size
/
object size
Resolution
The shortest
distance
between
two
points on an object that can still be distinguished as two separate entities
Higher resolution
More
details
can be seen, less
blurry
the image
The images have the same
magnification
(100x) but different
resolutions
Light
microscope
Microscope that uses
light
, small, easy to use, relatively
cheap
Resolution of light microscope
Limited to
0.2
micrometers, any details less than
0.2
micrometers apart will appear blurry
What light microscopes can be used to see
Individual
cells
like onion
cells
Electron microscope
Really big, very
expensive
,
hard
to use, only used by scientists in laboratories
Resolution of electron microscope
Maximum resolution of 0.1 nanometers,
2000
times better than
light
microscopes
What electron microscopes can be used to study
Sub-cellular structures like
mitochondria
Electron microscopes can give images with much higher
magnifications
without going
blurry
Light microscopes
Pros: small,
easy
to use, relatively
cheap.
Cons: limited resolution
Electron microscopes
Pros: very
high resolution.
Cons: big,
expensive
, hard to use
Nanometers
Smallest
unit of
length
you need to know
Units of length
Nanometers
Micrometers
Millimeters
Meters
Kilometers
Each unit is
1,000
times
bigger
or smaller than the one next to it
Converting between units of length
1. Divide by
1,000
to convert to a
larger
unit
2. Multiply by
1,000
to convert to a
smaller
unit
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