Key Terms

• Whigs


  New political party, based on hatred of Jefferson, that stood for national unity and an activist government
• Nullification Crisis


  1832 confrontation between the federal government and the state of South Carolina over the right of a state to refuse to enforce a federal law
• American System


  Henry Clay’s nationalistic proposal for tarifs and internal improvements
• Monroe Doctrine


  A foreign-policy proclamation that the United States would not permit any new European colonialism in the western hemisphere
• Missouri Compromise 


  Législation that admitted one slave and one free state to the Union and established the boundary between slave and free territories
• Era of Good Feelings


  Term applied to Monroe administrations suggesting that this period lacked major conflict
• Worcester v. Georgia


  The Cherokee nation’s legal challenge of Andrew Jackson, and this ruling upheld the nation’s right to occupy their land
• War Hawks


  Militantly nationalistic western Congressmen eager for hostilities with Native Americans, Canadians, and British
• Panic of 1837


  A major financial depression brought on in part by the end of the Second Bank of the United States
• Free-Soilers


  Northern anti-slavery politicians who opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories
• Corrupt Bargain


  Jacksonian term for the alleged political deal by which Clay supported Adams in exchange for a cabinet office
• Jacksonian Democracy


  Respect for the common man, expansion of white male suffrage, appointment of political supporters to government positions, and opposition to privileged (Eastern) elites
• Marbury v. Madison


  Ruling that established judicial review, declaring that the Supreme Court has the right to determine the constitutionality of federal laws
• Democrats


  Political party led by Andrew Jackson that supported States’ Rights and clear defenders of enslavement
• Lewis and Clark Expedition


  Sent by Jefferson to explore and map the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase
• Gibbons v. Ogden 


  Ruling determined that the federal government has exclusive power over interstate commerce
• Embargo Act


  Jefferson’s policy of forbidding the shipment of any goods in or out of the United States
• McCullock v. Maryland


  Supreme Court ruling that established the federal government’s implied powers that are necessary and proper to govern (and that Federal law is supreme to state laws)
• Hartford Convention


  Gathering of prominent New England Federalists who considered secession
• Log Cabin and Hard Cider


  Symbols of the first “modern” election as both political parties actively campaigned to the masses
• Battle of Tippecanoe


  A battle between American soldiers and Native Americans
• Trail of Tears


  The sorrowful path along which thousands of southeastern Native Americans were move to Oklahoma
• Romanticism


  Emphasized emotion and individualism as well as glorified the past and nature, helped develop a new national culture
• Pet Banks


  State financial institutions where Jackson deposited federal funds after removing them from the Bank of the United States
• King Cotton


  Southern belief that England was economically dependent on southern cotton and would thus come to their aid in war
• Nat Turner Rebellion


  Occurring in 1831, one of the largest rebellions by enslaved individuals, and as a result, rather that ending slavery, Virginia imposed additional restrictions and harsher laws against Black people
• Lowell Girls


  New England farm girls who worked in a textile factory in Massachusetts company-supervised boarding houses
• Burned-Over District


  The region of western New York that experienced intense religious revival meetings
• Erie Canal


  Transportation route of 363 miles that connected the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean
• Market Revolution


  Nineteenth-century economic transition away from self-sufficient production of goods for sale
• Mormons 


  Successful commune that manufactured stainless steel animal traps and silverware
• Vesey Conspiracy 


  South Carolina responded to this planned insurrection with harsher slave laws and further protected enslavement in the state
• Cult of Domesticity


  Nineteenth-century belief that women occupied a specific position as caretakers of the ”private-sphere” (the home)
• Nativism


  Fear of and opposition to immigrants
• The North Star


  Frederick Douglass’ anti-slavery newspaper published starting in 1847 demanding an immediate, uncompensated end to enslavement
• American “Know-Nothing” Party


  Third party founded in 1850s that was anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic
• Lowell System


  Combined textile production into a singular space, ending the putting-out
• Commonwealth v. Hunt


  Pioneering Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that declared labor unions legal
• Second Great Awakening 


  Religious revival that sparked a number of reform movements as well as new churches
• Mechanical Reaper


  McCormick‘s invention that vastly increased the productivity of the American grain farmer