Bio

• Reproduction


  The process by which living things produce new individuals of the same species
• Reproduction in living things


  • Generally occurs in cycles
  • All plants and animals have life cycles
  • Certain features tend to be universal and apply more or less equally to both plants and animals
• Reproduction in plants


  1. Fertilization

  2. Embryo development

  3. Germination and Birth

  4. Maturation
• Asexual reproduction


  A mode of reproduction in which new individuals are produced without the fusion of gametes
• Types of asexual reproduction


  • Binary fission (bacteria)
  • Budding (sea organisms, hydra)
  • Fragmentation (starfish)
  • Vegetative propagation (onion)
  • Cloning (Dolly the sheep)
• Binary fission


  A mode of asexual reproduction in which a parent cell divides into two or more genetically identical daughter cells
• Budding


  A form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site
• Fragmentation


  A form of asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism breaks off and develops into a new individual
• Vegetative propagation


  An asexual mode of reproduction in which new plants are produced with the help of vegetative part of the parent plant
• Cloning


  A specific form of replication or duplication that involves creating an identical copy of an organism or cell
• In vitro fertilization (IVF)


  The joining of a woman's egg and a man's sperm in a laboratory dish to produce an embryo
• Parthenogenesis


  A form of asexual reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual
• Parthenogenesis is a reproductive strategy that involves development of a female (rarely a male) gamete (sex cell) without fertilization
• Parthenogenesis occurs commonly among lower plants and invertebrate animals such as rotifers, aphids, ants, wasps, and bees
• Reproduction


  The process by which living things produce new individuals of the same species
• Reproduction in living things

  • Generally occurs in cycles
  • All plants and animals have life cycles
  • Some life cycles are more complex than others but certain features tend to be universal and apply more or less equally to both plants and animals
• Reproduction in plants


  Asexual reproduction
• Reproduction in animals and plants

  1. Fertilization

  2. Embryo development

  3. Germination and Birth

  4. Maturation
• Cloning


  Asexual reproduction where a new organism is an identical genetic copy of the parent
• Types of Asexual Reproduction

  • Binary Fission (Bacteria)
  • Budding (Sea organism, Hydra)
  • Fragmentation (Starfish)
  • Vegetative Propagation (Onion)
• Binary Fission

  Replicates or duplicates the DNA of the parent organism
• Budding


  A new organism is formed from a bud of an existing organism, remaining attached until matured
• Fragmentation


  The parent organism splits into several fragments or segments
• Vegetative Propagation


  New plants are produced with the help of vegetative part of the parent plant
• Cloning

  Cell replicates itself asexually without any genetic alteration or recombination, creating an identical copy
• In vitro fertilization (IVF)


  The joining of a woman's egg and a man's sperm in a laboratory dish
• Parthenogenesis


  A form of asexual reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual
• Fertilization


  The process where the sperm cell and egg cell combine to form a zygote
• Plants are sedentary, so sperm must swim to reach the egg, while animals physically interact through mating
• Zygote


  The combination of sperm cell and egg cell
• Embryo development in plants

  Pollen from male flower fertilizes egg in female flower, forming an embryo
• Germination and birth in plants vs animals

  Plants "born" by germinating from seed, animals born by exiting mother's womb
• Maturation occurs during embryonic stage and after birth/germination in both plants and animals
• Once sexually mature, plants and animals can reproduce
• Autotroph


  An organism that makes its own food from simple raw materials
• Photosynthesis


  The process where plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce food
• Plants split hydrogen from water and emit oxygen, which animals then breathe in</b>
• Plants absorb nitrogen-containing compounds from soil to produce amino acids and nucleic acids
• Heterotroph


  An organism that cannot make its own food and must obtain energy and nutrients by consuming other living things
• Animals require more energy than plants due to their ability to move