Crusades

• Absence of natural boundaries to the East

  • Edessa = vulnerable to attack from Mosul on the East and Aleppo to the South, hence it was the first to fall
  • Antioch = Reliant on the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Byzantine Empire to fend off attacks
  • Tripoli = Vulnerable to attacks from the Assassins in the Nosairi Mountains hence why Raymond II granted lots of territory the Hospitallers
  • Jerusalem = distributed into separate fiefs, each protected by a Frankish noble to ensure the kingdom was well protected
• Trade between Muslim and Christian cities

  -Tyre and Acre held communities of Christians and Muslims

  -The Muslims were seen to generate profit for the traders and revenue of local lords

  -Sugar = Duty of 5 bezants for every 100 bezants traded

  -Shoes = If bought by a Saracen, 10% duty

  -Non christians had an additional 1 karouble duty for every 1 bezant traded on any product
• Militarisation for the Hospitallers

  • Given castle at Calansue in 1128 (south coast of Tyre)
  • Played important role in defending Jerusalem from Ascalon in 1138 when given the castle of Bethgibelin
  • Given 12 castles in 1160 to entirely defend city of Sidon
• Militarisation of Templar Knights

  • Based on volunteering but soon gathered enough funds to maintain knights
  • 1129 - Council of Troyes allowed Templars to have the approval of violence - Bernard of Clairvaux tasked to create a book justifying lifestyle
• Military roles played by the orders

  • 1149 - Antioch in threat from Nur ad-Din, Templars sent 120 knights and 1000 soldiers
  • 1177 - Templars sent 80 knights to help defeat Saladin at Montgisard
  • 1170-87 - Hospitaller involvement of halting Muslim invaders
• Examples when the Military orders suffered defeats

  • 60 Templars were killed at Artah in 1164
  • 230 Templar knights were killed at the Battle of Hattin in 1187 trying to stop Saladin reaching Jerusalem
• Examples where military orders were entrusted to build and run castles

  • 1178 - Baldwin IV gave Templars castle at Jacob's Ford and were asked to garrison it with 80 knights and 900 soldiers at the ready
  • When Raymond III of Tripoli became regent of Baldwin V in 1185, military orders were trusted to run castles
  • The government had grown weaker due to Muslim threat so Baldwin III gave Hospitallers Banyas as he thought it would be captured
• Castles held by military orders and there significance

  • Castle of Margat in 1186 = Allowed order jurisdiction to conduct own negotiations without leader of Antioch present, giving them status equal of a lord
  • Jacob's Ford in 1178 by Baldwin IV = The castle would be able to apply pressure onto Damascus and help take the city
  • Smaller outposts such as Destroit and Yazur = Help protect pilgrims into Outremer
• Reign of King Baldwin I

  • Became King in November 11th 1100-1118
  • Was referred as first king of Jerusalem despite Godfrey's humility to be know as 'The Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre'
  • Reign was strong and effective
• Examples of Baldwin I as a strong leader with authority

  • Authority over the church = Daibert of Pisa tried to prevent Baldwin becoming King, so Baldwin had him deposed in 1102 and replaced in 1112 with Arnulf of Chocques
  • Intervention in affairs in the Kingdom = Intervened in the succession crisis in 1109 of Tripoli
  • Defence = He actively defended against a Turkish attack on Galilee from the East in 1113 and forced them to retreat
  • Castles = Outremer would rely heavily for defence through these castles. Montreal in Southern-Eastern territory was ordered construction under Baldwin in 1115
• Reign of Baldwin II

  • Baldwin I had died and named his brother Eustace of Boulogne as his heir
  • The Count of Edessa, Baldwin of Bourcq had arrived in Jerusalem to try and take the throne
  • With key supporters such as Joscelin of Courtenay and the Patriarch Arnulf, plus the absence of Eustace of Jerusalem, Baldwin of Bourcq became Baldwin II in 1118
• Evidence of Baldwin II's strong leadership

  • Became regent of Antioch after the Battle of the Field of Blood in 1119 till 1126, involving six trips of 280 miles
  • Took part in 19 military campaigns for territorial expansion, with an attempt on Damascus during 1126 and 1129
• Challenges Baldwin II faced

  • Rebellion = When he was captured in 1123 till 1124, the nobility from Jerusalem tried to get Count Charles of Flanders as king, but he refused
  • Church = The Patriarch of Jerusalem wanted control of Jaffa due to its promised possession from Godfrey of Bouillon, but Baldwin II refused
  • Succession = Baldwin II had failed to produce any male heirs, and left only 2 daughters, so he married Melisende to Count Fulk of Anjou. He names Melisende, Fulk and Baldwin III joint heirs to the kingdom
• What was the faction between the Montlhery family and Anjou family?

  • Montlhery = Baldwin II, Melisende and Hugh of Jaffa had powerful influence over the nobility of Outremer
  • Angevins = Represented by powerful ruler Count Fulk of Anjou
• What actions did King Fulk do that angered nobility?

  • Placed Angevins into key positions of power within the nobility to help consolidate his power
  • Tried to sideline Melisende
  • Both factors almost led to a civil war by Count Hugh of Jaffa in 1134
• What did Hugh of Jaffa do against Fulk

  • Hugh of Jaffa had been accused of treason before 1134 against Fulk
  • He fled to Muslim held Ascalon and made a deal with the Muslims against Fulk
  • However it did not work out and he was sent into exile, but was murdered in Apulia on his way out of the Kingdom
• Melisende's relationship with Fulk and Baldwin III

  • After the murder of Hugh of Jaffa, Melisende became increasingly angry, therefore Fulk had to give her a greater role in the day to day government
  • When Baldwin III came of age in 1143, she was not prepared to give up the kingdom
  • Baldwin III wanted to divide the kingdom in 1152, which was denied by Melisende. In response, Baldwin besieged Manasses (Melisende's cousin) in Mirabel
• What the response of Melisende to Baldwin III besieging Mirabel?

  • Manasses was captured and then exiled
  • Melisende then became besieged herself in Jerusalem, and forced back to Nablus
  • Therefore, Baldwin III became the undisputed ruler of Jerusalem
• Reign of Baldwin III

  • The conflict between him and his mother meant the southern campaign had stagnated
  • However, once secure, he went about consolidating power:
  • Territory = Acquisition of Ascalon in 1153 which was a key port and neutralised Egyptian threat
  • Castles = Built a castle at Gaza which cut vital road link between Ascalon and Egypt
  • Stable succession = No dispute when his brother Almaric, well established in Jaffa and Ascalon, became king in 1163
• What was the challenge Baldwin IV had when he became King in 1174

  • Almaric left a government divided by factionalism
  • He had married twice, with one faction forming around his first wife, Agnes of Courtenay and her children
  • The Second faction gathered around his second wife, Maria Comnena
• What was another challenge Baldwin faced when he became King in 1174

  • Baldwin IV was just 13 when he became King, so Almaric left his most trusted advisor, Miles of Plancy
  • However, Miles was murdered towards the end of 1174
  • This allowed Raymond III of Tripoli to become regent and establish his power base
• How did Baldwin's Leprosy damage the government and stability

  • Baldwin IV could have no children; he had to prioritise the marriage of his sister, Sybil to a suitable man to have a male heir to the throne
  • His mother Agnes of Courtenay became queen mother, helping Baldwin in government
• How was factionalism present between 1174-1185

  • Baldwin V's dad - William Longsword of Montferrat - died in 1176. Baldwin IV had to find a king to rule alongisde Sybil until Baldwin V became of age
  • Raymond and Bohemond of Antioch invaded the kingdom in 1180 to prevent Baldwin IV's chose man - Duke Hugh III of Burgundy - before he made it to Jerusalem
  • Baldwin acted quickly and encouraged Sybil to marry Guy of Lusignan
• Another example of factionalism between 1174-1185

  • Baldwin IV had gathered his army to repel Saladin's attack on Galilee. However he became very ill and left Guy to act as regent
  • Guy struggled as many lords would not obey his orders
  • Therefore the army took no action and Saladin was free to plunder the land
  • After this, Baldwin lost faith in Guy and took back control of his kingdom
• The Succession Crisis of 1185

  • In November 1183, Baldwin IV had Baldwin V crowned King and co-ruler
  • Guy was furious with the coronation plus stripping of power in the events of the 1183 campaign, and refused Baldwin access to Ascalon when he tried to reconcile
  • Raymond was again appointed regent in 1185 until 1186, when Baldwin V died in August 1186
• What were the possible outcomes of the succession crisis

  -The two factions gathered around either, Isabel (daughter of Almaric's second wife Maria Comnena, or Sibyl)

  • Henry II = Could have become regent until the succession issue was sorted out. Baldwin IV had sent an embassy in 1184 with this proposal
  • Raymond III = His faction could have coronated Isabel and Humphrey
  • Sibyl and Guy = They could of been crowned rulers of Jerusalem, which would have been a success for the Agnes faction
• What were the effects of the divison?

  • Factionalism = Despite their being a clear leadership, any response to a Muslim attack would be difficult to have a response
  • Inactive Government = They hadn't been able to disrupt Saladin's preparations or convince the West to help
  • Cease in hostilities = Raymond had made a truce with Saladin in 1185, but Saladin went against this in 1187
• Raymond's truce with Saladin in 1185

  • Raymond was fearful of Guy attacking him due to Raymond not paying homage to Guy
  • Raymond allowed a force of 7000 to besiege Acre in May 1187
  • When a crusader force found Raymond hiding around Saladin's camp, he was now viewed a traitor
  • Saladin then broke Raymond's truce and besieged him in Tiberias
  • As a result, Guy met Saladin's army and was crushed at Hattin
• What idea had Gratian proposed about 'Just War'

  • Concordia Discordantium Canonum which provided a justification of how the Just War theory worked
• What ideas had Urban II proposed about Jerusalem

  • Baudian of Dol = Urban II claimed Jerusalem was 'polluted with Muslims'
  • Robert of Reims = Jerusalem was a prosperous and spiritual location where it was being corrupted by Muslims
  • Guibert of Nogent = Urban II mentioned Jerusalem and its importance of Christ's Passion
• What examples are there of papal support

  • Pope Paschal II had threatened excommunication for any First Crusader who wanted to abandon their journey to Jerusalem
  • Pope Clement III asked provisions of wealth from Canterbury and Genoa to fund a crusade in 1188
• How did Baldwin I have to defend in his reign

  • South = The Fatimids launched 10 separate invasions between 1101 and 1118 eg defeating the Franks in 1102 at Ramla
  • North = Baldwin was occupied between 1109 and 1115 defending Outremer in the North against Damascus, Aleppo and Mosul
  • East = The little control of the Bedouin tribes and Muslim trading routes into the Sea of Galilee was dangerous
• How did Baldwin I consolidate territory

  • 1101 = Arsuf and Caesarea captured with Genoese fleet
  • 1102 = Tortosa and Gibelet captured with Genoese fleet
  • 1104 = Haifa and Acre captured with Venice and Genoese fleet
  • 1110 = Sidon and Beirut caputred with Norwegian fleet
  • 1124 = Tyre taken after Baldwin's death in 1118
• How did the Crusader states rely on defence

  • Edessa = Sparsely populated population relied on fortress towns like Turbessel
  • Antioch = Needed safeguard access of the main port of Lakia - Margat defended coastal access and Saone interior access
  • Tripoli = Mount Pilgrim was used to sustain siege in 1109
  • Jerusalem = Threatened by Egyptians - Chastel Hernault built in the 1130s to defend main road into Jerusalem - Jaffa had walls built in case of invasion
• Changing use of castles

  • Consolidation = Castles were used to control newly established territory until around 1115
  • Administration = When secure, castles were centres of rural territory as a sign of the lord's authority - people would be obliged to pay rent or crops given to garrisons in the castle
  • Defence = From 1160s, castles were used to defend from the Muslim threat increasing
• Deteriorating Byzantine support from 1099 - 1144

  • The relationship was soured over Antioch - Alexius & John Comnenus believed they had overlordship the rulers of Antioch
  • In the Treaty of Devol in 1108 had Bohemond of Antioch acknowledge his overlordship
  • The lack of attention from Frankish leaders in 1137 exacerbated, forcing John Comnenus to invade Antioch due to his exclusion as to who would wed Princess Constance
  • Byzantines launched 6 invasions on Antioch between 1099 and 1144
• Improvement of Byzantine support 1158-1180

  • 1158 - Baldwin III sold fortresses in Edessa to Byzantines
  • 1158 - Baldwin married Theodora, Manuel I's niece
  • 1161 - Manuel married Maria of Antioch
  • 1167 - Almaric married Maria Comnena
• Reversal of relations 1180 - 1192

  • Manuel I died in 1180, replaced by Andronicus I in 1182, who had no desire to cultivate a relationship with the Franks
  • He faced riots and descent in his own territory, which meant it was his first priority
  • During the mid 1180s, he entered into an alliance with Saladin