Sigmund

• Unconscious – contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings and actions.
• Preconscious  - contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty. Can come either from conscious or unconscious.
• Conscious – defined as those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time.
• Drives – operates as a constant motivational force. As an internal stimulus, drives differ from external stimuli in that they cannot be avoided through flight.
• Sexual drive - Freud believed that the entire body us invested with libido  (energy for sexual drive) especially on the erogenous zones.
• Aggression - The aim of the destructive drive, according to Freud is to return the organism  to an inorganic state.
• Thanatos – death drive
• Anxiety – freud emphasized that it is a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger.
• Neurotic anxiety - defined as apprehension about an unknown danger; during childhood, these feelings of hostility are often accompanied by fear of punishment, and this fear becomes generalized into unconscious neurotic anxiety.
• Moral anxiety - stems from the conflict between the ego and the superego
• Realistic anxiety - it is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger.
• Repression - Painful experiences unacceptable thoughts and  impulses are dismissed from conscious mind to unconscious mind. During childhood they are repressed and become unconscious source of  emotional conflict in later life. Selfish, hostile, 
• Compensation - a pattern of adaptive behaviors by  which anxiety from feeling of inadequacy or  weakness is relieved as individual emphasizes of  intensive training of some personal or social  attribute that overshadows his inadequacy and  gain social approval .
• Displacement - He displaces his emotion to other person or object  which is less anxiety producing.
• Sublimation - the energy involved in anxiety  produced primitive impulses is unconsciously redirected  into constructive and socially acceptable channels. It is  one of positive adaptation to anxiety and responsible for  much of artistic and cultural achievements of civilized  people. It is when woman redirects her sexual desires into  successful career of poetess.
• Denial - It is a process where the individual truly does not  recognize the existence of an event or feeling.  it is used in Schizophrenia. It is often seen  as a reaction of the healthy person when he is  confronted by a disastrous situation
• Identification - It useful mechanism because it plays a large part in  development of a child personality. Through this  process individual defends against anxiety resulting  from feeling of inadequacy by unconsciously taking on  desirable attributes found in people for whom he has  admiration and affection. He integrates these  attributes into his own personality.
• Introjection - closely related to  identification. Introjection tends to replace all or part of  personality. Introjection is that entire personality of a  second person has been incorporated and has  replaced the original personality.
• Rationalization - a mental mechanism that is almost  universally employed. It is an attempt to make his behavior  as result of logical thinking rather than result of  unconscious desires that are anxiety producing. It is a face  saving device that may or may not deal with the actual  truth.
• Regression - occurs when  an individual is faced with anxiety from a conflict, that  cannot to solved by using the adaptive mechanism  with which he used to solve problems. In such a  situation, he may unconsciously return to the patterns  of behavior appropriate to an earlier developmental  stage. Any retreat into a state of dependency on  others to avoid facing acute problems “Crying on  someone shoulder” is symbolic of infants seeking  comfort on maternal bosom.
• Projection - transferring the responsibility for  unacceptable ideas, wishes or thoughts to another  person when individual’s own aggressive thoughts are  unacceptable to him and cause anxiety, he blames  some one else for it. It is used in paranoid, he is  suspicious about infidelity of his wife when actually he  lack of fidelity in his mind.
• Infantile period - birth to five years old
• Latency period - from the 4th year or 5th year until puberty, both boys and girls usually but not always, go through a period of dormant psychosexual development.
• Genital period - puberty signals a reawakening of the sexual aim and the beginning of the genital period.
• Oral phase – infants obtain life sustaining nourishment through the oral cavity, but beyond that, they also gain pleasure through act of sucking
• Oral receptive phase - infants feel no ambivalence toward the pleasurable object and their needs are usually satisfied with a minimum of frustration and anxiety.
• Oral sadistic phase - infants respond to others through biting, cooing, closing their mouth, smiling and crying.
• Anal phase - the aggressive drive, which during the first year of life takes the form of oral sadism, reaches fuller development during the second year when the anus emerges as a sexually pleasurable zone.
• Early anal period - children receive satisfaction by destroying or losing objects. At this time, the destructive nature of the sadistic drive is stronger than the erotic one, and children often behave aggressively toward their parents for frustrating them with toilet training.
• Late anal period - they sometimes take a friendly interest toward their feces, an interest that stems from the erotic pleasure of defecating
• If children will be forced to withhold their feces, they may develop anal character
• PHALLIC PHASE - a time when the genital area becomes the leading erogenous zone: this stage is marked for the first time by a dichotomy between male and female development.
• OEDIPUS COMPLEX - sexual desire for mother/hostility for the father
• CASTRATION COMPLEX - the form of castration anxiety shatters the Oedipus complex
• Maturity - It is a stage attained after a person has passed through the earlier developmental periods  in an ideal manner.
• PYSCHOANALYTIC THERAPY - THE PRIMARY GOAL  OF FREUD’S LATER PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY WAS TO UNCOVER REPRESSED MEMORIES THROUGH FREE ASSOCIATION AND DREAM ANALYSIS.
• FREE ASSOCIATION - Patients are required to verbalize every thought that comes to their mind, no matter how irrelevant or repugnant it may appear.
• TRANSFERENCE -  refers to the string sexual or aggressive feelings, positive or negative that patients develop toward their analyst during the course of treatment.
• negative transference - in the form of hostility must be recognized by the therapist and explained to patients so that they can overcome any resistance to treatment
• RESISTANCE - which refers to variety of unconscious responses used by patients to block their own progress in therapy, can be a positive sign because it indicates that therapy has advanced beyond superficial material.