part 1

• Heterotroph


  An organism that cannot produce its own food, relying instead on the intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter
• Autotroph


  An organism that can be able to make energy-containing organic molecules from inorganic raw materials by using basic energy source such as sunlight
• Distinct groups of animals based on what they eat

  • Herbivores (plant-eating animals)
  • Carnivores (flesh-eating animals, sustains itself solely on meat)
  • Omnivores (plant-and-flesh-eating animals)
• Animals

  • Have adaptations for escaping predators
  • Reproduce through asexual or sexual means
  • Move from place to place
• Camouflage


  Any combination of coloration, illumination or materials to for concealment
• Nocturnal animals


  Are active at night time and then sleep during the day
• Integument


  A tough outer protective layer, especially that of an animal or plant
• Skeleton

  Body part that forms the supporting structure of an organism
• Types of skeleton

  • Hydrostatic skeleton
  • Endoskeleton
  • Exoskeleton
• Three main types of muscle in human

  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
• Nutrition


  Food intake and the processes of food conversion
• Ingestion


  Intake of food into the body
• Categories of animals based on how they get food for nutrition

  • Suspension feeders (animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water)
  • Substrate feeders (live on/in what they are eating)
  • Fluid feeders (organisms that feed on the fluid of other organisms)
  • Bulk feeders (eat relatively large pieces of food)
• Circulatory system


  The method of transport wherein animals with thick multiple cell layers need to have advanced transport system to carry substances from one part of the body to another
• Immune response


  How your body recognizes and defends itself against bacteria, viruses, and substances that appear foreign and harmful
• Respiration


  How the body gets oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide
• Breathing


  The act of taking oxygen into the lungs
• Nervous system


  Works by regulating most activities by sending nerve impulses throughout the body
• Endocrine system


  Includes all the glands in your body that make hormones
• Hormones


  Any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior
• Stimuli


  A thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue
• Homeostasis


  The tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes
• Living organisms undergo reproduction and continuing life
• Reproduction

  The biological process by which new "offspring" are produced from their "parents"
• Reproduction is necessary for the survival of a species
• Methods of reproduction

  • Sexual
  • Asexual
• Asexual reproduction

  • Budding (small part of parent's body grows into new organism)
  • Fragmentation (parent separates into two or more pieces & each piece forms new organism)
  • Parthenogenesis (growth & development of embryo without fertilization by male)
• Mating


  Male & female join together to ensure fertilization
• Types of fertilization

  • External fertilization (males & females release sperm & eggs into the environment - sperm & egg join outside the body)
  • Internal fertilization (joining of sperm & egg inside the body after mating)
• Internal fertilization

  • Ensures selection of mate (not random); promotes diversity
  • Parents protect and care for young
  • Does not require water; can occur on land
  • Less sex cells produced; increases probability of successful reproduction
• Types of animal reproduction

  • Internal fertilization, external development (after fertilization, larvae (embryo) are released & development occurs outside female body)
  • Internal fertilization & development (females put large amounts of energy into development of embryo; eggs in "shell" are laid and either abandoned or nurtured in nest)
  • Hermaphrodites (organisms that change sex in order to reproduce)
• Oviparous animals


  Animals that hatch from an egg which the mother lays in the environment
• Viviparous animals


  Animals where the embryos develop inside the mother's uterus and are born live
• Ovoviviparous animals


  Animals where the eggs develop and hatch inside the mother's body, and the young are born alive