Practical

• resolving power (d)


  wavelength/2(NA); can be increased by increasing the NA or decreasing the wavelength
• Microscope parts

  
• parfocal


  the focal point is the same for all lenses, and switching lenses requires only minor adjustments
• plate growth characteristics


  shape (circular, irregular, rhizoid); margin (entire or smooth, undulate or wavy, lobate, filamentous, rhizoid); elevation (flat, raised, convex, umbonate); consistency; pigmentation
• slant growth characteristics 


  abudance; pigmentation; optical characteristics; form (filiform, beaded, echinulate, spreading, arborescent, rhizoid)
• broth growth characteristics


  turbid, pellicle, sediment, flocculent
• gram stain


  crystal violet (basic stain), gram's iodine (mordant), 95% ethanol (decolorizer), safrinin (counterstain)
• PRB tubes

  differential medium consisting of a durham tube, phenyl red (pH), peptones, and specific carb
• PRB results


  acid production from carb fermentation lowers the pH and turns the medium yellow; no acid production is replaced by the degredation of peptones into amino acids, which releases ammonia raises the pH turning the medium pink
• spectrophotometer


  first wipe down cuvette; transfer LB into cuvette and zero it; then transfer culture into cuvette and measure the OD
• cells/ml

  # of colonies/ dilution X amount plated (ml)
• titer (pfu/ml)

  # of plaques / dilution X virus quantity
• litmus milk reactions

  can be alkaline (deep blue), proteolysis (brown w/ purple band), litmus reduction (white w/purple band), or lactose fermentation (pink)
• litmus milk

  differential medium consisting of lactose (milk sugar), casein, and litmus (pH and redox indicator)
• ELISA


  coat the wells with different antigens and detect them with an enzyme-linked antibody; the peroxidase enzyme reacts with the substrate to produce a color change to yellow
• blocking solution


  used to block unoccupied sites to prevent nonspecific binding by the antibodies; done in between the antigen and antibody steps