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• Across the whole planet, humans eat on average between one and 2.7 kilograms of food a day
• That's over 365 kilograms a year per person, and more than 28,800 kilograms over the course of a lifetime
• Every last scrap of food makes its way through the digestive system
• Digestive system


  • Comprised of ten organs covering nine meters
  • Contains over 20 specialized cell types
  • One of the most diverse and complicated systems in the human body
• Digestive system


  Continuously works in unison to transform the raw materials of food into the nutrients and energy that keep you alive
• Main components of the digestive system

  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Pancreas, gallbladder, and liver
  • Body's enzymes, hormones, nerves, and blood
  • Mesentery
• Gastrointestinal tract


  A twisting channel that transports food and has an internal surface area of between 30 and 40 square meters
• Pancreas, gallbladder, and liver


  A trio of organs that break down food using an array of special juices
• Body's enzymes, hormones, nerves, and blood

  Work together to break down food, modulate the digestive process, and deliver its final products
• Mesentery


  A large stretch of tissue that supports and positions all digestive organs in the abdomen, enabling them to do their jobs
• Digestive process


  1. Anticipation of food triggers saliva production

  2. Chewing and saliva turn food into a moist lump called the bolus

  3. Peristalsis propels the bolus into the stomach

  4. Stomach walls break down the bolus into chunks

  5. Hormones trigger release of acids and enzymes to dissolve and break down food

  6. Bile, pancreatic and intestinal juices break down fats, proteins and carbohydrates in the small intestine

  7. Villi in the small intestine absorb the molecules into the bloodstream

  8. Leftover fiber, water and dead cells make it to the large intestine where most fluid is drained out

  9. Remaining soft mass is squeezed into the rectum and expelled as stool
• The digestive process typically lasts between 30 and 40 hours
• Outline


  A map of your essay that shows what information each section or paragraph will contain and in what order. It is the general plan of what you are going to write. Most outlines use numbers and/or bullet points to arrange information and convey points.
• Outline


  • Provides a summary and shows the logical flow of a paper
  • Helpful for research papers to keep track of large amounts of information
  • Helpful for creative writing to organize plot threads and character traits
  • Helps organize an oral report or presentation
• Reasons for creating an outline

  • Aids in the process of writing
  • Helps you organize your ideas
  • Presents your material in a logical form
  • Shows the relationships among ideas in your writing
  • Constructs an ordered overview of your writing
  • Defines boundaries and groups
• Linear style


  Ranking arguments in order of their importance from major to minor ones
• Outline structure


  1. Main topic (Roman numerals)

  2. Subtopic (Capital letters)

  3. Supporting details
• Primary sources


  Provide immediate first-hand accounts of a topic or evidence that originally and directly comes from the main source of information. Examples include artifacts, original research, autobiographies, emails, diaries, speeches, interviews, letters, surveys, artwork, performance, poems, newspaper reports, photographs, video, or audio.
• Secondary sources


  One step removed from primary sources, though they often code or otherwise use primary sources. They can cover the same topic but add a layer of interpretation and analysis. Examples include biographies, commentaries, dictionaries, documentaries, history books, literary reviews, textbooks, and scholarly or other articles about a topic.
• There are two main types of outlines: topic outline and sentence outline
• Topic outline


  • Uses words and phrases to present ideas
  • Reveals the logic you will follow in your paper
• Sentence outline


  • Uses complete sentences
  • Helps ensure you become sufficiently specific about your subject rather than generalizing
• Rules for outlining


  • Do not mix topic and sentence outline methods
  • Indent properly
  • In a sentence outline, begin each point with a capital letter and place a period after each division number or letter and at the end of the sentence
  • In a topic outline, begin each point with a capital letter and place a period after each division number or letter, but do not place periods after ideas
  • Strive for parallel wording among outline topics and subtopics