KT3: 1700-1900

• Who carried out highway robberies?

  Highwaymen
• Where did highway robberies take place?

  On isolated stretches of road
• Why did highway robbery increase?

  • More and better roads were built so people travelled more
  • People carried valuables on person as banks were not established
  • Increased trade meant more valuable things were being transported between towns
• What was highway robbery punishable by?

  Capital punishment
• Why did highway robbery decrease?

  • Authorities sent men to patrol
  • Travellers began to use railways instead of carriages
  • Turnpikes and toll roads became more common, making it harder to highwaymen to avoid capture
• When did it become a Capital Offence to be armed and disguised on the road?

  1772
• How did poaching change at this time?

  Large-scale gangs appeared
• When did Highway robbery decline?

  1830s
• When did Highway robbery stars?

  1700s
• When was the Waltham Black Act?

  1723
• What was the Black Act?

  It criminalised carrying a weapon in a forest with a blackened face
• What was the punishment for poaching?

  Capital punishment
• How did smuggling change at this time?

  Professional gangs emerged
• What is an example of a professional smuggling gang?

  The Hawkhurst Gang
• Which items had high taxes on imports?

  • Tea
  • Wine
  • Spirits
  • Lace
• Why did authorities fail to prevent smuggling?

  The coastline was too large
• When did the government decrease taxes on imports causing smuggling to decrease?

  1840
• When was the new Witchcraft Act introduced?

  1736
• What did the new Witchcraft Act state?

  It became illegal to claim an individual had magic powers or that they were practising witchcraft
• What was the punishment for accusing someone of witchcraft?

  Fines or prison
• Why did people not believe in witchcraft anymore?

  • Increased interest in science meant public opinion moved away from supernatural explanations
  • The country was economically and politically stable after the War
  • Prominent individuals were more sceptical about witchcraft
• When was the Royal Society founded?

  1660
• What was the Royal Society?

  A scientific group that helped provide explanations for supposed acts of Witchcraft
• Which monarch supported the Royal Society at the time it was created?

  Charles II
• Who was a prominent figure who was sceptical of witchcraft?

  John holt, Lord Chief Justice
• What is a trade union?


  A group of people who work in the same industry to represent workers' rights
• When was the French Revolution?

  1789 - 1799
• When did the Tolpuddle Martyrs form together?

  1833
• What group did the Tolpuddle Martyrs create?

  The Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers
• What were the Tolpuddle Martyrs charged with?

  Swearing a secret oath
• When were the Tolpuddle Martyrs charged with a crime?

  1834
• What was the punishment for the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

  Seven years transportation to Australia
• How many signatures did a petition to release the Tolpuddle Martyrs get?

  200000
• When were the Tolpuddle Martyrs pardoned?

  1836
• How did communities change at this time?

  • Became more anonymous
  • Poverty increased
  • Town Watchmen failed
• Why did communities becoming anonymous affect crime?

  People didn't worry about committing a crime against somebody they did not know
• What were thief-takers?

  Men who charged a fee to capture criminals and return stolen goods
• Why were thief-takers corrupt?

  Some were scammers who committed crimes and then were paid to fix them
• Who founded the Bow Street Runners?

  The Fielding Brothers, John and Henry
• When were the Bow Street Runners founded?


  1749