INTLSTD Final

• Name and explain any four human rights that are considered "expansions of rights" that McCormick mentions in the textbook.

  1. The right to be forgotten: given the rise of social media, questions have risen about our right to not have past indiscretions available for all to see.

  
  

  2. The right to clean water: with freshwater not being equally distributed and contaminated leads to the issue of whether water is a right or not.

  
  

  3. DNA rights: questions on if it is okay for governments to store DNA databases to use against its citizens

  
  

  4. Intergenerational rights: it has been argued that the present generation has an obligation to protect the rights of future generations by not engaging in activities that would negatively impact the lives of anyone not yet born
• Define what a right is. Define what a duty is. Define what international human rights are. Explain the two main features that make international human rights different from other kinds of rights


  Right: an entitlement to act or be treated in a particular way

  
  

  Duty: an obligation to act, or refrain from acting, in a particular way to satisfy someone's right

  
  

  International Human Rights: the universal and inalienable rights all humans are entitled to that the international community has a duty to satisfy.

  
  

  - Intl HR differ from other kinds of rights because they are universal and inalienable
• Name and define what the two main types of human rights are. Give an example for each type.

  1. Civil and Political Human Rights: rights that enable humans to participate in the civic and political life of their society without discrimination or repression from the state. An example is the right to vote and free speech. Both things allow humans to have a civic and political life.

  
  

  2. Economic and Social Human Rights: rights that entitle humans to equal social and economic conditions without exploitation from the market. An example is clean water, education, and healthcare. All are things that are public goods and require state intervention.
• Define what the UN Human Rights Council's "universal periodic review" is. Name and explain the three main steps that are involved in the universal periodic review.

  Universal Periodic Review: part of the UNHRC; the review of the human rights record of all 193 UN member countries every 4 years

  
  

  1. Information gathering: HRC collects reports from the member state under review, other institutions within the UN, and national and international human rights organizations

  
  

  2. Review session: 3 hour interview between the HRC and the member country under review regarding reports submitted during information gathering.

  
  

  3. Outcome report: summary of the discussions held w the member state under review that includes recommendations to improve the HR situation in that member state's country.
• What is the difference between a human rights resolution and a human rights convention? What's the difference between a country that has signed a human rights treaty and a country that has ratified a human rights treaty?

  A human rights resolution is not legally binding, while a human rights convention is legally binding. A State that has signed a treaty has not expressed its consent to be bound by it. Signature is a means of authentication and shows the willingness of the signatory State to continue the treaty-making process. The signature qualifies the signatory State to proceed to ratification, acceptance, or approval...
• Define what the International Criminal Court is. Name and explain its three main features.

  International Criminal Court: permanent international tribunal to investigate and prosecute individuals who have committed human rights violations

  
  

  1. Special mandate: genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes

  
  

  2. Limited jurisdiction: can only investigate and prosecute individuals who belong to a member country of the ICC

  
  

  3. Court of last resort: only investigates and prosecutes individuals when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute them
• Define what the UN Charter is. Name and explain its four main principles.

  UN Charter: the foundational treaty of the UN that establishes the framework of the UN system that all members must legally abide by

  
  

  1. Sovereign equality of member states: each member state is legally recognized as being equal to every other member state with the same rights and duties of membership

  
  

  2. International jurisdiction: the UN may only intervene in intl matters and not matters that are the domestic jurisdiction of any member state

  
  

  3. The general prohibition on force: all member states shall refrain from the threat or use of military or paramilitary force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any member state

  
  

  4. The general duty for peace: all member states shall settle their disputes by peaceful means, give assistance in any UN action towards an aggressor member state, and refrain from giving assistance to an aggressor member state targeted by UN action
• Define what UN peacekeeping is. Name and explain its three main principles.

  UN Peacekeeping: an operation involving military personnel undertaken by the UN to monitor and enforce a ceasefire or peace agreement in areas of conflict

  
  

  1. Consent of parties: all parties involved in conflict resolution must agree to the presence of peacekeepers within their country's borders

  
  

  2. Neutrality: the absence of favor or prejudice towards any of the parties involved in a conflict

  
  

  3. Force as self-defense: use of force can only be applied if peacekeepers are threatened and respond as an act of self-defense
• Define what UN humanitarian intervention is. Name and explain its three main principles.

  UN Humanitarian Intervention: the UN authorization of the use of force across borders in the event of a mass humanitarian crisis based on the 3 principles of the responsibility to protect

  
  

  1. Non-consent of the Parties: the responsibility of states to protect their own citizens and if they do not, the UN can authorize intervention without the permission of the responsible state

  
  

  2. Humanitarian crises: intervention can be authorized only in response to the most dire humanitarian crises, such as genocide, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, or war crimes

  
  

  3. Use of force: the responsibility of members of the UN to authorize the use of force by a non-UN org to relieve mass suffering
• Define what UN sanctions are. Name and explain its two main types. Give an example for each type.

  UN Sanctions: the UN authorization of complete or partial restriction on customary economic relations with a targeted member country.

  
  

  1. Comprehensive sanctions: sanctions prohibiting all types of economic transactions with a targeted member country. An example is Iraq sanctions which lasted from 1990s to 2003. These sanctions limited trade with Iraq and resulted in severe malnutrition

  
  

  2. Targeted sanctions: sanctions that are limited to restricting certain types of economic transactions with specific targets. An example is the Kimberley Act in Liberia which sanctioned the selling of blood diamonds to fund rebel groups.
• According to McCormick, what are the four different types of war in addition to the traditional state-to-state definition of war? Name and define them and name an example for each one.

  1. Civil War

  2. Guerilla War

  3. Cold War

  4. World War
• Name and explain the two indirect impacts that UN General Assembly resolutions can have. Give an example for each impact.

  1. Political Impact: resolutions can indirectly influence the behavior of states and stigmatize or isolate the practice of states that do not conform to do it. An example is South Africa apartheid. By condemning it and providing it Africa lost legitimacy and faced international pressures to change.

  
  

  2. Legal Impact: resolutions touching on a legal matter that reflect the opinion of a large number of member states can lead to the creation of a new legal norm in a member state. An example is Canada incorporating the UNDRIP after consistently rejecting it which resulted in international pressure to adopt the resolution as a law
• Define what the UN Security Council is. Name and explain its two features.

  UN Security Council: An emergency group of the UN tasked with the primary responsibility of maintaining peace and collective security when there are major international threats or crises

  
  

  1. Limited unequal membership: Membership is made up of 5 permanent members and 10rotating non-permanent members with the allocation of one vote per member state with permanent members retaining a veto vote

  
  

  2. Passing resolutions: 9/15 votes without veto required to pass legally binding resolutions authorizing UN peacekeeping, humanitarian intervention, and/or sanctions
• Define what the International Court of Justice is. Name and explain its three features.

  International Court of Justice: The primary judicial organ of the UN that impartially settles legal disputes between member states

  
  

  1. Court composition: Made up of 15 judges serving nine-year terms who are elected by simple majority in the General Assembly and the Security Council

  
  

  2. Non-compulsory jurisdiction: Jurisdiction is gained by consent of the UN's member states either through submission of the dispute to the court or due to an international treaty granting jurisdiction over member states in advance

  
  

  3. Lack of enforcement: ICJ rulings formally subject to enforcement by Security Council, but can be vetoed resulting in rulings being dependent upon voluntary cooperation
• Define what mobility is. Name and explain what the two kinds of mobility are. Provide an example for each kind of mobility.

  Mobility: All forms of human movement of people from their residence to another place

  
  

  1. Migratory mobility: the change of residence when moving across administrative borders. An example is domestic or international movement be it voluntary or forced.

  2. Non-migratory mobility: no change of residence when moving across administrative borders. An example is commuting over borders for work. (Driving into Detroit everyday from Canada)
• Name and define the two aspects that make up micro factors for migration. Name and define any two of the three types of mobility that fall under micro factors. Give an example for each type you mention and be sure to define the example.

  Micro Factors for Migration:

  1. Migration aspirations: the various desires to migrate for economic, political, cultural, and/or ecological reasons (macro factors)

  2. Migration capabilities: the various abilities humans have to be able to migrate

  
  

  Mobility

  1. Voluntary mobility: high migration aspirations; high migration capabilities. An example is the internationally mobile student.

  2. Involuntary mobility: low migration aspirations; high migration capabilities. An example is refugees or asylum seekers who have been forced out of their countries.
• Define what a meso factor of migration is. Name and explain any two of the three types of meso factors and provide an example for each of the two types you mention.

  Meso Factor: feedback mechanisms that perpetuate migration

  
  

  1. Migration networks: sets of interpersonal ties that connect migrants, former migrants and non-migrants in origin and destination areas through bonds of kinship, friendship and shared community origin

  
  

  Ex: Dearborn, MI. Migrants came to work for Ford and had a shared community origin of their Islamic faith. Through this, they were able to build up mosques which resulted in even more people from their origin migrating to the area.

  
  

  
  

  2. Migration systems: economic, cultural, and political exchanges between countries that can then facilitate migration between countries

  
  

  Ex: post-colonial countries of the UK. People in the UK are more likely to migrate to the Commonwealth because of this tie, or vice versa.
• How does McCormick define migration? Name and define any four out of the nine types of migration McCormick mentions. Provide an example for each one.

  Migration: the movement of people from one place to another, including outward movement (emigration) and inward movement (immigration)

  
  

  1. Rural-to-urban: people leaving small towns and rural areas to seek opportunities in cities. An example is someone moving from Armada, MI (farmland) to Detroit for a higher paying job.

  2. Seasonal: migration based on seasonal demand. An example is the tourist industry in the United States where some people move to the warmer states from the colder states in the cold seasons.

  3. Temporary: migration for a limited period of time. An example is a student finishing their education in the United States before moving back to India

  4. Forced: migration against the will of those being moved. An example is the slave trade from Africa to the Americas
• According to the 1951 Geneva refugee convention, what are the three features that define a refugee? According to McCormick, what are three problems with this definition?

  According to the 1951 Geneva Refugee Convention, a refugee:

  1. is outside of their country or nationality

  2. has a well-founded fear of being persecuted because of their race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion

  3. is unable/unwilling to return to the country or ask for protection out of fear of persecution

  
  

  Three problems with this definition are 1) it does not account for internally displaced people, 2) it assumes fear of persecution rather than other issues such as natural disasters, and 3) it assumes refuges have no plans to return home
• What are the two main perspectives on addressing global health? Name and define them. Provide an example for each one.

  Bio-medical perspective (vertical): diseases are strictly biological and therefore require technological and scientific interventions to control them

  
  

  Socio-medical perspective (horizontal): diseases are caused and sustained by social contexts and therefore require a broad societal response to control them
• What is malaria? Name and define the main approach the WHO took to controlling malaria. Explain one social issue the WHO encountered in their approach to controlling malaria.

  Malaria: a parasite carried by a female mosquito, transmitted by her bite. Symptoms include vomiting, fever, chills, and even death.

  
  

  Main Approach: DDT sprayers entered the homes of infected regions and sprayed the walls with insecticide

  
  

  One social issue with DDT spraying was the rural lifestyle of the affected regions. Many people slept outdoors in summer, were nomads and shepherds, or lived in tents. People not living in mud huts did not benefit from spraying and over time the mud walls absorbed the insecticide making it ineffective.
• What is smallpox? Name and define the main approach the WHO took to controlling smallpox. Explain one social issue the WHO encountered in their approach to controlling smallpox.

  Smallpox: An acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus, transmitted from person to person via respiratory system, with symptoms including fever, headache, backpain, vomiting, and severe rash

  
  

  Main Approach: Puncturing the skin with the bifurcated needle. This was a steel rod with two prongs holding a freeze-dried dose of the vaccine between the prongs.

  
  

  One social issue in distributing the vaccine was illiteracy. Certain regions couldn't read so the WHO rolled out visual pamphlets to communicate what they were doing.
• According to McCormick, what are the two core indicators of the quality of health? Name and define them. Provide an example for each one.

  Life Expectancy: the number of years that an individual or a given group of people can expect to live, on average, based on factors such as health care, nutrition, disease, gender, genetics, and economic circumstances

  
  

  Infant Mortality: the per capita death rate for children under the age of one, from factors such as birth defects, lack of prenatal care, environmental factors, disease, contaminated water, and inadequate sanitation.
• Define what climate colonialism is. Name and explain the three features of the definition of climate colonialism.

  Climate Colonialism: the Global North's exploitation of the Global South's biophysical resources resulting in: (1) the disproportionate production of atmospheric emissions from the Global North; and (2) increased climate vulnerability in the Global South relative to the Global North

  
  

  1. Biophysical Resources - living things (bio) such as plants and animals, and non-living things (physical) such as rocks, soil, water, waste

  
  

  2. Atmospheric Emissions - solid particles, liquid aerosols, and toxic gases that are released into the atmosphere from a polluting source

  
  

  3. Climate Vulnerability - the degree that human societies and natural ecosystems are at risk of exposure to climate change impacts