CESC

• Citizenship


  In its most basic sense, refers to full membership in a community in which one lives, works, or was born
• Citizen


  A person having the title of citizenship, who enjoys full civil and political rights, and is accorded protection inside and outside the territory of the State
• Three interrelated dimensions of citizenship

  • Legal
  • Political
  • Identity
• Legal dimension of citizenship

  • A citizen refers to a person who enjoys civil, political, and social rights, and has the right to invoke protection by the law
• Political dimension of citizenship


  • A citizen refers to a person who is a political agent and is actively participating in society's political institution and system
• Identity dimension of citizenship

  • A citizen is considered a member of a political community (nation-state) that actively shapes his or her cultural identity
• In the Philippines, every Filipino is expected to be a good citizen based on core Filipino values that are considered integral components in nation-building
• Core Filipino values derived from the Preamble of the 1987 Constitution

  • Pagkamaka-Diyos (being godly)
  • Pagkamaka-Tao (being humane)
  • Pagkamaka-Bayan (being nationalistic and patriotic)
  • Pagkamaka-Kalikasan (being caring for the environment)
• Citizenship education in the Philippines also requires every Filipino citizen to know the 1987 Constitution, including the Bill of Rights
• Rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights


  • Due process of law and equal protection
  • Right against unreasonable search and seizure
  • Right to privacy
  • Freedom of speech, of expression, and of the press
  • Freedom of religion
  • Liberty of abode and travel
  • Right to information on matters of public concern
  • Right to form unions and associations for purposes not contrary to law
  • Right to adjust compensation when private property is taken for public use
  • Freedom of access to the courts
• Citizenship Advancement Training (CAT)


  Aims to enhance the students' social responsibility and commitment to the development of their communities and develop their ability to uphold law and order as they assume active participation in community activities and assisting the members of the community in times of emergency
• Components of CAT


  • Military orientation
  • Community service
  • Public safety and law enforcement service
• National Service Training Program (NSTP)


  A program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by developing the ethics of services and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its three program components
• Components of NSTP


  • Reserved Officers Training Corps (ROTC)
  • Literacy Training Service (LTS)
  • Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS)
• The CAT and NSTP are service learning courses that help engage students with their communities, and provide opportunities for students to hone their involvement in socio-civic responsibility and have their voices heard in decisions that affect their lives and communities
• Social change


  Alteration of social interactions, institutions, stratification systems, and elements of culture over time
• Manifestations of social change

  • Rise and fall of civilizations
  • Changes in the function of institutions
  • Changes in the statuses and roles of people in society
  • Changes in the structure and size of families
• Factors that bring about social change


  • Internal factors
  • External factors
• Internal factors


  Differences that occur in the norms, values, and beliefs of people from different ages, gender, social class, caste, psychosocial characteristics, ethnicity, and race
• Internal factors often produce tension and conflict that lead to social change
• External factors


  • Demographic
  • Cultural
  • Political
  • Economic
• Demographic factors


  Changes in the number and composition of people in the community brought about by variations in fertility rates, mortality rates, and migration rates
• Cultural factors


  Changes in the elements of culture (symbols and language, norms, values and beliefs, rituals, and artifacts) due to cultural diffusion, fission, and convergence
• Cultural diffusion


  Spread of culture from one region to the other
• Example of cultural diffusion

  • Spread of Korean culture or "K-Pop" phenomena in the Philippines
• Cultural fission


  Breaking up of culture into two or more independent units from a cultural origin
• Example of cultural fission


  • Splitting of one tribe into two or more tribes that migrate to other places and develop their own cultures
• Cultural convergence


  Fusion of two or more cultures into a new one, which is somewhat different from its predecessors
• Example of cultural convergence

  • A person practicing Taoist, Buddhist, and Christian faiths at the same time
• Political factors


  Changes in the political structure and system of society due to either reformist or radical approaches
• Reformist approaches


  Lobbying, creating and implementing new laws, replacing persons in authority through elections, or creating new spheres of influence to balance or shift centers of power
• Radical approaches


  Revolutions (replacing people or authority by overthrowing them from their position against their will) or war (fighting to death to compete over resources and/or putting a certain ideology into place)
• Economic factors


  Changes in the economic structure and system of society due to modernization
• Modernization


  Transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society
• Industrialization


  Intensive use of machines and various forms of technology to manufacture goods and services previously done manually by people
• Industrialization


  Ushers urbanization, characterized by increased migration of people to urban areas or cities to work in manufacturing, service, and high-tech industries
• Industrialization and urbanization


  Bring forth secularization where religion significantly loses social and cultural significance over the lives of people
• Nelson Mandela: 'And as we let our light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same.'