handout 5

• Clause


  Groups of words with a subject and a verb
• Two main types of clauses

  • Independent
  • Dependent
• Independent clause


  Can stand alone because they express complete thoughts
• Dependent clause


  Also known as subordinate clause, can't stand alone because they don't express complete thoughts
• Three types of subordinate clause

  • Adjective clause
  • Adverb clause
  • Noun clause
• Adjective clause


  Dependent clause that functions as an adjective, often introduced by relative pronouns or relative adverbs
• Adverb clause


  Dependent clause that functions as an adverb, introduced by subordinating conjunctions
• Noun clause


  Dependent clause that functions as a noun
• Kinds of sentences according to function

  • Declarative
  • Imperative
  • Interrogative
  • Exclamatory
• Declarative sentence


  Makes a statement and ends with a period
• Imperative sentence


  Gives a command, usually ends with a period or exclamation point
• Interrogative sentence


  Asks a question, always ends with a question mark
• Exclamatory sentence


  Indicates a strong emotion and ends with an exclamation mark
• Kinds of sentences according to structure

  • Simple
  • Compound
  • Complex
  • Compound-Complex
• Simple sentence


  Contains only one independent clause and expresses one main idea
• Compound sentence


  Made up of at least two independent clauses, connected with a comma and coordinating conjunction or semicolon
• Coordinating conjunctions


  Words that glue together similar words, phrases, or clauses
• Coordinating conjunctions


  • for
  • and
  • nor
  • but
  • or
  • yet
  • so
• Complex sentence


  Has an independent clause and at least one dependent clause, combined with a subordinating conjunction
• Subordinating conjunctions


  • after
  • although
  • as
  • as if
  • because
  • before
  • even if
  • even though
  • if
  • if only
  • rather than
  • since
  • that
  • though
  • unless
  • until
  • when
  • where
  • whereas
  • wherever
  • whether
  • which
  • while
• Compound-Complex sentence


  Made up of a compound sentence and a complex sentence, has two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause
• Coordinating conjunctions words that glue together similar words, phrases, or clauses.