SHORT HISTORY OF BIOLOGY

• • bios from the greek meaning “life” 
• • logy from the greek meaning “science of”
• Monet de Lamarck(1744-1829)

  • French biologist

  coined the term biology in its current use in his Hydrogeologie published in 1802
• EARLY HUMAN CIVILIZATION

  • Basic needs are important during this time: food, shelter, and clothes
• • Mesopotamians- more interested in studying gods and how to please them rather than nature
  • They make potions and also perform rituals and believe in
• • Ancient China- use of herbs as medicine is popular
  • Chinese alchemy gives emphasis on health.
  • Yin and Yang influenced classical chinese medicine(Good and Bad karma)
• •  Ayurveda- oldest organized medicine systems
  • From Indian subcontinent
  • A belief that health and wellness depend on a balance between the mind, body and spirit

  Relies on blood purification, massage, medical oils, herbs, and enemas or laxatives.
• • Ancient Egyptians- have surgical books that have been preserved(medical papyri, Edwin Smith papyrus, and Ebers’ papyrus) 

  Developed the process of embalming, which is used for mummification,
• 600-4th Century BC

  • Do not believe in science and focus more on gods.
• Thales of Miletus

  First scientist in history, Replaced superstition with science.
• Alcmaeon of Crotona

  Practice dissection and made the first scientific discovery in anatomy.
• Aristotle

  • Father of Biology
  • Made more observations on animal habitats and development, mainly marine life
• MEDIEVAL TIMES

  • Scholastic philosophers sought to   remove divine intervention from explaining natural phenomena
• Francis Bacon

  Introduced the scientific method(1620), which became the foundation of scientific research up to the present.
• RENAISSANCE PERIOD

  • Botany(study of plants) flourished during this era
  • Art and science were inseparable
  • Work of artist, sculptors brought biology and anatomy to their connections revealing how organs interact to make life possible.
• Modern Period 18th-19th Century

  • Taxonomy became popular with an avalanche of discoveries of plants and animals.
• Carl Von Linnaeus

  • Father  of Taxonomy
  • Known for his taxonomic classification in the 18th century
• Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden 

  • Cell Theory(1838), states that cells were the basic unit of all living tissues.
• Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

  Proposed the Biological Evolution which was rejected
• Charles Darwin

  • Agnostic
  • Proposed the Theory of Natural Selection(1859)(On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection)
  • Believed that we are from apes
• Louis Pasteur in France and Robert Koch in germany

  • Germs Theory of Disease(most crucial development in Biology during the 19th century)
  •  Many diseases was identified to be caused by bacteria.

  The era of non-religious era Biology
• What is cloning?

  Making an exact copy of a living thing
• What does it mean to reproduce using the same sex cell?

  It allows reproduction without opposite sex cells
• What is molecular manipulation?

  Manipulating atoms and cells at a molecular level
• What are GMOs?

  Genetically modified organisms
• How has genetic engineering benefited diabetics?

  It created pharmaceuticals like insulin for them
• What is the purpose of gene editing?

  To erase defective genes from the body
• How does gene sequencing help in cancer treatment?

  It identifies DNA and RNA sequences of cancer cells
• When was the Human Genome Project completed?

  In 2003
• What did the Human Genome Project achieve?

  It mapped the entire human genome
• What is biomechanics?

  Making robotic body parts for humans
• How can biomechanics help people with muscular dystrophy?

  By providing robotic body parts for them
• What is the role of antiretroviral therapy in HIV treatment?

  It allows HIV patients to live longer
• How do stem cells benefit organ growth?

  They help grow organs in the laboratory
• What advancements are available for cancer diagnosis?

  Early diagnostics and vaccines against cancer
• What is the significance of the CrisprCas9 system?

  It allows precise editing of DNA
• What is possible with face transplants today?

  Using tissue from deceased persons