Miss Estruch Summary

• What are monomers?

  Smaller units from which larger ones are made
• What does "poly" mean in the context of polymers?

  Many
• What are the monomers you need to know for AQA A-level biology?

  Monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides
• What are the polymers associated with carbohydrates?

  Starch, cellulose, glycogen
• What type of reaction joins molecules together?

  Condensation reaction
• What is the role of hydrolysis reactions?

  They split molecules apart
• What is a condensation reaction?

  Joins two molecules, forms a bond, eliminates water
• What does hydrolysis do in terms of chemical bonds?

  It breaks a chemical bond between molecules
• How do you define a disaccharide formation?

  Two monosaccharides join via a condensation reaction
• What are the three monosaccharides you need to know?

  Glucose, fructose, galactose
• What is the bond called that joins monosaccharides in carbohydrates?

  Glycosidic bond
• What is the chemical formula for glucose?

  C6H12O6
• What is alpha glucose?

  A form of glucose with specific structural arrangement
• What is an isomer?

  Same molecular formula, different structure
• How does beta glucose differ from alpha glucose?

  Hydroxyl group positions are flipped
• What is the process to form maltose?

  Glucose + glucose via condensation
• What is the product of glucose and galactose?

  Lactose
• Why is water produced in disaccharide formation?

  Due to condensation reaction eliminating water
• What are the three disaccharides you need to know?

  Maltose, lactose, sucrose
• What is the function of starch?

  Store of glucose in plants
• What type of bond forms between carbon 1 and carbon 4 in carbohydrates?

  1-4 glycosidic bond
• What is the structure of cellulose?

  Long straight chains of beta glucose
• How does the structure of starch relate to its function?

  Coils for compact glucose storage
• What is the main function of glycogen?

  Store of glucose in animals
• How does glycogen's structure facilitate its function?

  Highly branched for rapid glucose release
• What type of glycosidic bonds does glycogen have?

  1-4 and 1-6
• What is the role of hydrogen bonds in cellulose?

  Provide structural strength to cell walls
• Why is cellulose insoluble?

  Prevents affecting water potential
• What happens to every other beta glucose in cellulose chains?

  It is inverted 180°
• What are the key differences between starch and glycogen?

  • Starch:
  • Found in plants
  • Less branched structure
  • Stores glucose for energy

  
  

  • Glycogen:
  • Found in animals
  • Highly branched structure
  • Rapid glucose release for respiration
• What are the key features of cellulose structure?

  • Long straight chains of beta glucose
  • Chains held in parallel by hydrogen bonds
  • Provides structural strength to plant cell walls
  • Inverted arrangement of every other beta glucose
• What are the functions of the three polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, and cellulose?

  • Starch: Energy storage in plants
  • Glycogen: Energy storage in animals
  • Cellulose: Structural support in plant cell walls
• What are the long chains in cell walls made of?

  Long chains of beta glucose
• Why do long straight chains of beta glucose form?

  Due to 1-4 glycosidic bonds
• How are the long straight chains in cell walls arranged?

  They are held in parallel by hydrogen bonds
• What is the structural unit formed by parallel chains of betalucose?

  A fibral
• Why do hydrogen bonds provide structural strength to plant cell walls?

  Many hydrogen bonds collectively strengthen the structure
• What is the solubility of plant cell walls?

  They are insoluble
• How does the structure of beta glucose chains affect water potential?

  It does not affect the water potential
• How is every other beta glucose in the chain oriented?

  Inverted 180°