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Biology
Genetics
Miss Estruch
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Cards (104)
What are the components of DNA nucleotides?
Deoxyribose
,
phosphate group
,
nitrogenous bases
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How is eukaryotic DNA different from prokaryotic DNA?
Eukaryotic DNA is
longer
and
linear
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What is the shape of prokaryotic DNA?
Circular
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What are histones associated with?
Eukaryotic
DNA
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What forms a chromosome in eukaryotic cells?
DNA associated with
histones
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What type of DNA is found in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Similar to
prokaryotic
DNA
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What is a gene?
A
base sequence
of DNA
coding
for
proteins
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What is the locus of a gene?
The fixed position on a
chromosome
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What is a triplet in DNA?
A sequence of three DNA bases
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What are the three features of the genetic code?
Degenerate
,
universal
,
non-overlapping
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Why is the genetic code considered degenerate?
More
combinations
than
amino acids
exist
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How many combinations can three DNA bases create?
64
combinations
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What does it mean if a mutation is a substitution mutation?
One
base
is swapped for another
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What does universal mean in the context of the genetic code?
Same
triplet
codes for the same
amino acid
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What is a codon?
Three bases on
mRNA
coding for an
amino acid
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What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
Brings specific
amino acids
to
ribosomes
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What is the function of RNA polymerase?
Catalyzes the formation of
mRNA
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What happens during transcription?
mRNA
is synthesized from
DNA template
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What is splicing in mRNA processing?
Removal of introns from
pre-mRNA
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What is the difference between exons and introns?
Exons code for
proteins
; introns do not
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What is the definition of the genome?
Complete set of
DNA
in a cell
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What is the proteome?
Full range of proteins a
cell
can produce
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What is the role of rRNA?
Combines with proteins to form
ribosomes
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What is meiosis?
Cell division creating
genetically
different
gametes
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What does haploid mean?
One copy of each
chromosome
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How does meiosis introduce genetic variation?
Through
independent segregation
and
crossing over
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What are homologous chromosomes?
Chromosomes with the same
genes
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What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?
Diploid has
two
copies; haploid has
one
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How does crossing over contribute to genetic diversity?
It exchanges genetic material between
homologous chromosomes
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What does haploid mean in terms of chromosomes?
One copy of each chromosome
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What is the haploid number for humans?
23
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What does diploid mean in terms of chromosomes?
Two copies
of
every
chromosome
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What is the diploid number for humans?
46
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What are the two processes that introduce genetic variation in meiosis?
Independent segregation
and
crossing over
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What happens during independent segregation in meiosis?
Homologous pairs
line up randomly at the
equator
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Why does the random alignment of chromosomes matter in meiosis?
It determines the genetic makeup of
gametes
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How many different gametes can humans produce due to independent segregation?
Over
8 million
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What is crossing over in meiosis?
Exchange
of
genetic material
between
nonsister chromatids
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What is a bivalent in meiosis?
Homologous pairs lined up at the
equator
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What is a chiasma?
The point where
chromatids
cross over
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