Poetry and Short story

• Defamiliarization

  We become familiarized with the words, focus on an event and can refamiliarze with language
• Poetry defamiliarizes novels


  In different ways
• Phenomenology

  We are affected by a phenomenon
• Poesis


  To make or construct the making of (remakes the world)
• Presentation

  A way the world appears to us
• Representation

  The way poetry represents the world
• Poetry


  • A range to invoke a particular or a certain emotional experience (through meaning, sound, and rhythm)
• 5 particular ways (languages) poetry is distinctive

  • Attentiveness: sound, meaning, and punctuation
  • Concentration (concentrated experience expressed in language): More meaning, more emotions per word (when compressing sentences together by using similes and metaphors, must be very careful with word choices)
  • Poetry Hyper Concentrated: focuses more on meaning and emotions in words
  • Originality: Original way of seeing the new world or a better way of saying something
  • Form: How a text appears also contains meaning
• Deduction


  1. Start with a thesis (if____ then____)

  2. Goes from observation to observation, then gains a conclusion
• Induction


  1. Does not start with a thesis

  2. Goes from observation to observation, from which they develop a conclusion from which they form a thesis
• Signs


  The basic units of meaning → Signifier and signifying: iconic and symbolic
• Polyvocality


  The power of many voices to shift and sustain narrative change
• Carpe Poem (Latin: Seize the Day)


  Caked → between layers and layers of misuse and neglect
• Modernism


  • The world is evolving (changing rapidly) and changing a technological world
  • Turning away from the classical ways of doing things
  • Highly influenced of high understanding of psychology and the way the human mind works
  • Before modernism, there were traditional ways of doing things
  • This is a radical way of separating traditional writing
  • Highly experimental and eventful
  • Content and style are different (content: they were influenced by fear and war)
• Modernism Experimentation


  • Linear fashion poems then become a little more nonlinear poem
  • Dramatic monologue: one person speaking to an audience
  • Fragmentation: Draws from many different genres and texts
  • Focuses on the individual (ex. The way an individual adapts to change)
  • Multiple perspectives
  • 1st person: A character that comments on themselves or others
  • Tries to highlight subjectivity from many different angles
• Modernism Form and Structure

  • Free verse is one of modernism's favourites
  • Has a lot of literary devices and illusions
  • Intellectuality
  • Symbolism
  • Polyvocality
  • Unreliable narrators (when reading, do we really trust what we are being told to?)
• Illusion


  A false belief (an author uses illusion to trick the reader or character into believing something untrue)
• Alienation (isolation, loneliness)


  Is against large forces; there are unseen modernism and existentialism that controls you (larger social systems or economic systems)
• Carpe diem


  Seize the day, place no trust in the future
• Epigraph: 'We are all living in a hell, but life is a living hell from which there might not be a mistake'
• Juxtaposition


  Placing 2 or more things together and comparing them to suggest something
• Jataka Tales


  Short stories, anecdotes, they have animal favors
• Panchatantra


  Book of tales (100 BCE)
• Allegory


  A story that has two meanings: a level of a plot and what the plot represents
• Allegory


  • J. Alfred Prufrock and The Hunger Artist
• Short story


  • A work of short prose (fiction) that can be read in a civic
  • Impression: you can read it in many ways (a short story leaves one last impression on the readers [a single theme or focus])
  • In Media Ress: In the middle of things (the story usually starts in the middle of things)
  • Dialogical: Depends upon prior knowledge of the reader
  • All of them are didactic → meant to teach
  • Most of them are articulated or formulated
  • Can be read in one sitting
  • Can be read as a window or mirror (they reveal the culture and world view they come from) → It gives readers a view into a part of the human condition ( or a part of the world) they may not know or have experienced, while simultaneously offering readers something against which they can contrast their own experience
• Short story subgenres


  • Folklore
  • Fairytale [magical]
  • Legend
  • Myth
  • Science fiction
• Subgenres


  Tells you everything you need to know
• Genre


  Can tell a great deal of context from a genre or subgenre
• South American (hybrid genre)

  Hybridizes for Westren aesthetics to indigenous aesthetics → Rationalism to irrationalism
• Monogenesis


  Is the idea that all stories have a common ancestor, and it changes as we move around an assumption that we all originated from one place
• Polygenesis


  • Has all of these stories and they emerge from one place to another (they go all over the place)
  • All stories seem the same
• Magical Realism


  • A subgenre of fiction (extremely popular in Latin America)
  • Magic: there is no commentary in the magic, it exists in the world as if it was normal, it is presented entirely normal
• Satire (human nature)


  • Juvenalian: Harsh form of satire. It targets individuals or societal issues with scathing criticism and denuciation. The tone is bitter and angry. It is often use to provoke outrage or discomfort
  • Horatian: Gentle and lighthearted form of satire. It uses humor and wit to criticize individuals or society, often aiaming to entertain as much as to reform. The tone is playful and tolerant. It is often used to provoke laughter
  • Menippean: Focuses on critiquing idea and attitudes using a mix of literary forms. It often uses elements and unconventional narrative techniques
• Kafkaesque (style not a genre)

  Characteristics of the oppressive or nightmarish qualities of Franz Kafka's fictional world
• Southern Gothic (subgenre of writing)

  • American form of writing (ex. A good man is hard to find)
  • Deals with multiple things: The past imposes on itself with the present, Ramifications of impact of slavery, racism, and patriarchy
  • Deals with deeply flaws of individual
  • Deals with madness and decay (castles and modernists were falling apart)
• Themes of Southern Gothic

  • Grotesque: the abnormal (standgely abnormal)
  • Crime, poverty, alienation, lost ideals, how can possibly know who we are unless we explore what we have done
  • The fear of others
  • Ambiguity between good and bad
• Purpose of Southern Gothic

  • Political purpose
  • Looks for areas of suppression and repressions
  • Deeply psychological
  • Super subtle
• Katabasis

  A journey into hell, descent into → Journey of learning and descent
• Anabasis

  A sentence to hell then rise back up