special senses patho

• Vestibulocochlear nerve


  Damaged when the patient is deaf
• Oculomotor nerve


  Damaged when the pupil in one eye is dilated due to decreased tone of the constrictor muscles of the iris
• Olfactory nerves


  Damaged when an individual has taken a hard blow to the face ex. Falling on the concrete, and lost its sense of smell
• Optic nerve


  Damaged when an individual who had diabetes and blood vessels in retina are damaged
• Trigeminal nerve


  Damaged due to surgical error the patient lost its most sensory perception on one side of the face and difficulty chewing
• Facial nerve


  Damaged when an individual cannot move most of its muscle on the face
• Trochlear nerve


  Damaged when paralysis of the superior oblique muscle results due to damaged eye rotates backward
• Cranial nerves affected when the patient complaints of missing sense of taste

  • Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Vagus nerve
  • Facial nerve
• Abducens nerve


  Damaged when the patient cannot abduct or move the eye laterally to see something to the side one eye
• Vagus nerve


  Stimulation of this nerve in the region on the neck decreases heart rate
• Accessory nerve


  Damaged when one shoulder droops
• Facial nerve


  Damaged when the patient has bell palsy
• Congenital Cataracts


  Clouding of the lens that is present at birth, resulting in hazy vision

  
• Anotia


  • Absence of the auricle
• Microtia


  • Underdeveloped, small auricle
• Presbyopia


  Condition of difficulty focusing the eyes, intolerance to glare, and difficulty adapting to darkness and brightness

  
• Presbycusis


  Accelerated hearing loss in people exposed to excessive noise or smoking when younger
• Tinnitus


  Ringing, buzzing, roaring, or humming sound
• Conjunctivitis


  Infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva, the lining of the eyelids and sclera
• Conjunctivitis treatment


  1. Ophthalmic or oral antibiotics

  2. Antihistamines

  3. Corticosteroid agents

  4. Artificial tears
• Keratitis


  Inflammation of the cornea triggered by infection or trauma
• Keratitis


  • Severe pain
  • Erythema
  • Drainage
  • Excessive tearing
  • Photophobia
  • Visual disturbances
• Otitis Media


  Infection or inflammation of the middle ear
• Otitis Media

  • Ear pain
  • Crying or irritability
  • Rubbing or pulling at the ear
  • Mild hearing deficits
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Red, bulging tympanic membrane
  • Indications of infection (e.g., fever, malaise, and chills)
  • Purulent or clear exudate from the external ear canal (if the tympanic membrane ruptures)
• Otitis externa


  Infection or inflammation of the external ear canal or auricle
• Otitis externa

  • Ear pain that worsens with auricle movement
  • Purulent exudate
  • Pruritus
  • Sensation of fullness in the ear
  • Hearing deficits
• Otitis externa treatment

  1. Otologic antibiotic

  2. Antifungal

  3. Corticosteroid

  4. Analgesic agents
• Eye trauma

  • Eye pain
  • Edema
  • Blurry vision
  • Diplopia (double vision)
  • Dry eye
  • Photophobia
  • Floaters
  • Pupil dilation
  • Pupils unresponsive to light

  
• Eye trauma treatment

  1. Flushing the irritant out of the eye with sterile saline

  2. Avoiding rubbing the eye

  3. Leaving an embedded object in the eye

  4. Covering the eye with a sterile dressing or cloth

  5. Applying eye patches to protect the eye during healing

  6. Repairing any damage surgically
• Ear trauma

  • Bloody or clear exudate
  • Tinnitus
  • Dizziness
  • Ear pain
  • Hearing deficits
  • Nausea & vomiting
  • Edema
  • Sensation that an object is in the ear
• Ear trauma treatment

  1. Removing the object if visible and easily removed

  2. Flushing the ear with sterile water or saline to remove small objects

  3. Performing surgery to remove objects or repair the damage

  4. Limiting exposure to loud sounds as structures heal
• Glaucoma


  Group of eye conditions that lead to optic nerve damage, caused by increased intraocular pressure or decreased blood flow

  
• Types of Glaucoma

  • Open-angle (chronic) glaucoma
  • Closed-angle (acute) glaucoma
  • Congenital glaucoma
  • Secondary glaucoma
• Open-angle (chronic) glaucoma

  • Intraocular pressure increases gradually over an extended period, tends to run in families, painless, insidious, bilateral changes in vision
• Closed-angle (acute) glaucoma

  • Sudden blockage of aqueous humor outflow, severe eye pain, headache, nausea & vomiting, nonreactive pupil, erythema, corneal haze, vision changes
• Congenital glaucoma


  • Present at birth, results from abnormal development of outflow channels, excessive lacrimation, photophobia, corneal edema, gray-white cornea, enlarged eye globe, vision deficits
• Secondary glaucoma


  • Result from use of certain medications, eye diseases, systemic diseases, and trauma
• Open-angle glaucoma treatment


  Ophthalmic medications including beta blockers, alpha agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, prostaglandin-like compounds, miotic or cholinergic agents, epinephrine compounds, alpha2-adrenergic agonists
• Secondary glaucoma treatment


  1. Chronic disease management

  2. Treatment or elimination of underlying causes

  3. Previously discussed glaucoma pharmacologic and surgical treatments
• Cataracts


  Opacity or clouding of the lens