my own child psych cards exam #1

• continuous: growing in a continuous matter, eg; number of words (basic issue)
• discontinuous: stage-like changes, eg; puberty (basic issue)
• quantative: gradually more, eg:muscle, nuerons
• qualitive: reflecting new quality or characteristic, eg: abstract thinking
• nature: biological genetic predisposition, eg: mental illness,
• nurture: environment, eg; school
• stability: early experiences establish patterns, eg; early thinking causes talking a lot (basic issue)
• plasticity: responsive to experience, eg; delayed reading than an intervention happens and gets better at reading (basic issue)
• behaviorism and social learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning
• classical conditioning: stimulus causes conditioned response
• operant condition: reinforcers and punishments
• social learning: modeling
• Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, formal
• Sensorimotor stage: first stage, object permanence, 0-2 years
• preoperational: second stage, ages 2-7, egocentrism, animism, symbolic thinking
• concrete operational: third stage, 7-11 years old, can understand abstract concepts, conservation,
• formal operational: fourth and last stage, 11+ years old, can use abstract reasoning,
• Vygotsky's sociocultural theory: transmission of culture between old and new generations, eg; beliefs, traditions
• Ecological systems theory: direct and indirect influences, eg;mschool, media, nuclear family, toxic work environment affecting family dynamic(indirect),
• dynamic systems perspective: looking at physical, cognitive, and social/emotional together
• Freud's psychosexual theory: oral, anal, phallic, latency, gential
• oral: birth-2 , ID, all on mouth, first stage
• anal: second stage, ego, potty training, clean
• phallic: third stage, superego, sense of masculinity and femininity
• latency: fourth stage, middle childhood, relationships are the focus
• genital: fifth and last stage, puberty-adulthood, sex and reproduction
• Erikson’s stages of development: trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame/doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair
• trust vs mistrust: birth to 1 year old, develops trust or mistrust with caregivers
• autonomy vs shame/doubt: 18 months to 3 years old, develops independence from others
• initiative vs guilt (3-5): preschooler explores world with confidence but may feel guilty if they break rules
• industry vs inferiority (6-12): school age children begin to see themselves as competent or not
• industry vs inferiority: ages 7-12, develops competence through school work and hobbies
• identity vs role confusion (13-19): adolescents search for their place in society
• intimacy vs isolation (20-40): young adults form close bonds with friends and romantic partners
• intimacy vs isolation (20-40): young adults form close relationships and seek out intimate connections
• ethics in research: protection, informed consent, privacy, debrief, treatments
• observational studies: observe participants in their natural environment and record their behavior
• experiments: a scientific method that involves manipulating one or more variables to test a hypothesis
• case studies: an investigation of a particular person or group of people
• surveys: a method of collecting data by asking questions to a sample of the population