Physical Science

• LESSON 1: FORMATION OF ELEMENTS
• MATTER – anything that occupies SPACE and has MASS.
• CHEMISTRY – Deals with the study of MATTER.
• ELEMENTS – substances that CAN’T BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES.
• ATOM – SMALLEST particle of an element
• SUBATOMIC PARTICLES: - NEUTRON = ZERO charge - PROTON = POSITIVE charge - ELECTRON = NEGATIVE charge
• BIGBANG THEORY – a theory that states that the universe was developed 13.7 billion years ago from a very small, dense and hot state called SINGULARITY which started to collapse and expands.
• BIGBANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS – a process which CREATES NEW ATOMIC NUCLEUS from preexisting nucleons.
• Light elements formed in big bang nucleosynthesis: HYDROGEN, HELIUM, and some LITHIUM AND BERYLLIUM
• NUCLEAR FUSION – a process of COMBINING TWO NUCLEUSES to produce new element.
• STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS – a process occurring WITHIN THE STAR by which LIGHTER
• ELEMENTS - are fused together to create another element.
• SUPERNOVA NUCLEOSYSNTHESIS – responsible for creating RARER ELEMENTS HEAVIER THAN IRON AND NICKEL.
• LESSON 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE HISTORY OF THE ATOM
• LEUCIPUS AND DEMOCRITUS – called the small pieces of matter as “ATOMOS” which means INDIVISIBLE.
• ARISTOTLE – affirmed that there are four elements: FIRE, WATER, EARTH and WIND.
• JOHN DALTON – proposed the MODERN ATOMIC THEORY.
• THE MODERN ATOMIC THEORY STATES THE FOLLOWING: 1. All matter is composed of atoms. 2. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, ordestroyed in ordinary chemical reactions. 3. Atoms of an element have a characteristic average mass which is unique to that element. 4. Atoms of any one element differ in properties from atoms of another element.
• JOSEPH JOHN THOMPSON/J. J. THOMPSON - formulated the PLUM PUDDING MODEL of the atom where he believed that the ELECTRON particles are like plums in a POSITIVELY CHARGE PUDDING. - Thompson used the CATHODE RAY TUBE experiment to formulate his model.
• ERNEST RUTHERFORD – formulated the NUCLEAR MODEL of the atom. - He believed that ELECTRONS revolves around a POSITIVELY CHARGE CENTER of the atom which he called the NUCLEUS - He used the GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT where he bombarded it with alpha particle.
• JAMES CHADWICK - Conducted the same experiment as Ernest Rutherford. Instead of using gold, James used BARIUM in his experiment. - With his experiment he was able to discover the subatomic particle NEUTRON.
• NEILS BOHR - MODIFIED AND IMPROVED the nuclear model of the atom of Ernest Rutherford. In his model, he placed the ELECTRONS in SPECIFIC ENERGY LEVEL.

  - PLANETARY ATOMIC MODEL
• ATOMIC NUMBER AND ATOMIC MASSES:

  No. of PROTON = Atomic Number

  No. of ELECTRON = NO. of PROTON

  No. of NEUTRON = Atomic mass minus No. of Proton

  ATOMIC MASS = No. of Proton plus No. of Neutron
• ISOTOPES – elements with the same ATOMIC NUMBER but different ATOMIC MASS
• Formula for Isotopes: Ᾱ = (%)(A1) + (%)(A2)
• JOHANN WOLFGANG DOBEREINER'S LAW OF TRIADS - First to arrange the elements into THREE.
• JOHN A. NEWLANDS' LAW OF OCTAVES - arranged the elements according to INCREASING ATOMIC WEIGHT where the chemical properties REPEAT IN AN INTERVAL OF EIGHT
• DMITRI MENDELEEV'S PERIODIC TABLE - arranged the elements according to increasing atomic weight - first to tabulate the elements
• HENRY MOSELEY'S PERIODIC TABLE - arranged the elements according to INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER