Nomenclature

• Holotype:

  Specimen or other element designated by the author or used by him as the nomenclatural type.
• Isotype:

  • This is a duplicate of the holotype
• Syntype:

  • When more than one specimen are cited by the author without mentioning which is the holotype, each specimen is designated as a Syntype.
• Paratype:

  • Specimens cited along with the holotype are designated as Para- types.
• Lectotype:

  • This is a substitute of the holotype when that is lost and is to be selected from the isotypes.

  • When no holotype was designated by the author a specimen from the original material is selected to be the Lectotype.
• Neotype:

  • When all original materials are missing, a Neotype is selected from other materials.
• Topotype:

  • Specimen of a species collected at the same locality as the holotype.