Industrial Revolution

• Industrial Revolution


  A remarkable change in man's life caused by the replacement of hand labor by machine work. This change came peacefully without bloodshed or violence.
• The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the middle of the 18th century and spread to other countries in Europe and the world.
• Industrial Revolution


  The process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture.
• Summarized meaning of Industrial Revolution

  • Mechanization of agriculture and industry
  • Use of power (electricity, steam, oil) in industry
  • Development of factory system
  • Sensational development of transportation and communication
  • Increase in big business control of the economy
• Technological changes of the Industrial Revolution

  • Use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel
  • Use of new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power, such as coal, the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine
  • Invention of new machines, such as the spinning jenny and the power loom
  • New organization of work known as the factory system, which entailed increased division of labor and specialization of function
  • Important developments in transportation and communication, including the steam locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio
  • Increasing application of science to industry
• Conditions that made Britain the cradle of the Industrial Revolution

  • Abundance of natural resources
  • Many skilled artisans
  • Stable government
  • Best banking system in Europe at the time
  • Being a colonial power with many raw materials and markets for manufactured products
  • Large merchant fleet to ship goods all over the world
  • Britain's damp climate favored the manufacture of cotton cloths
• First Industrial Revolution


  The transition from agrarian, handicraft economies to industrialized, machine-based manufacturing economies. It began in Britain and spread to Europe and North America, fueled by innovations in textile manufacturing, the development of steam power, and the mechanization of industry.
• Agricultural Revolution


  • Jethro Tull invented the seed drill
  • Viscount Charles Townend worked out an efficient system of crop rotation
  • Robert Bakewell introduced the scientific breeding of animals
  • Luther Burbank produced new varieties of plants by inbreeding certain plants with desirable characteristics
  • Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper
  • Artificial fertilization was introduced in 1840 by Justus von Liebig
  • George Washington Carver demonstrated that hundreds of new products could come from peanuts, sweet potatoes, cotton stalks, and yellow pine trees
• Textile Industry Innovations


  • John Kay invented the flying shuttle
  • James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny
  • Richard Arkwright invented the water frame
  • Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom
  • Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin
• New Sources of Power

  • James Watt improved the steam engine
  • Sir Humphry Davy invented the safety lamp
  • Michael Faraday invented the electric dynamo
• Second Industrial Revolution


  Also known as the Technological Revolution, it was characterized by the expansion of industry into new areas such as steel production, petroleum refining, and electrical power generation. It was marked by the development of new technologies such as the Bessemer process for steel production, the internal combustion engine, and the harnessing of electricity.
• Third Industrial Revolution


  Also known as the Digital Revolution, it is characterized by the widespread adoption of digital technology and the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to automate processes and improve efficiency. It began in the late 20th century with the development of computers, the internet, and telecommunications technology.
• First Industrial Revolution (late 18th to mid 19th century)


  • Revolutionized industry, leading to the development of electric lighting, motors, and communication systems
  • Developments in the chemical industry led to the production of synthetic dyes, fertilizers, and other chemicals
  • Invention of the internal combustion engine powered the automobile industry and revolutionized transportation
• Second Industrial Revolution (late 19th to early 20th century)


  • Also known as the Technological Revolution, characterized by the widespread adoption of new manufacturing and transportation technologies
• Third Industrial Revolution (late 20th century to present)


  • Also known as the Digital Revolution, characterized by the widespread adoption of digital technology and the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to automate processes and improve efficiency
  • Began in the late 20th century with the development of computers, the internet, and telecommunications technology
  • Period has seen the rise of the information age, with advancements in areas such as telecommunications, computing, and biotechnology
• Key inventions and developments of the Third Industrial Revolution

  • Computers and electronics
  • Biotechnology
  • Renewable energy
• Fourth Industrial Revolution (ongoing)

  • Characterized by the fusion of technologies that blur the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres
  • Began in the late 20th century with the development of computers and the internet
  • Marked by advancements in artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), 3D printing, genetic engineering, and other technologies
  • Transforming industries and economies, with implications for work, society, and the environment
• Key inventions and developments of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

  • Artificial intelligence and machine learning
  • Internet of Things (IoT)
  • Advanced robotics
• Thomas Edison


  The greatest inventor, produced more than 1000 inventions like the light bulb, photograph, and movies or motion pictures
• Inventors and their inventions

  • Andre-Jacques Garnerin - Parachute
  • Rene Laenec - Stethoscope
  • Louis Daguerre - Photography
  • Elias Howe - Sewing Machine
  • J.E. Lundstrorm - Safety Match
  • Christopher Sholes - Typewriter
  • Lewis Waterman - Fountain pen
  • William Barrows - Adding machine
  • George Eastman - Camera
  • Lee De Forest - Radio telephone
  • George Claude - Neon lamp
  • John Baird - Television
• As a result of the industrial revolution, world commerce enjoyed a tremendous increase
• The industrial revolution brought great economic progress and material benefits to mankind
• The industrial revolution made Britain, Germany, France and the United States great industrial powers
• The industrial revolution gave ordinary people convenience which made life more interesting, enjoyable and exciting
• The industrial revolution also brought misery and sorrow as other industries died out and the poor people had no capital to buy machines
• Some people migrated to the cities and worked as daily wage-earners in the factories that were owned by rich capitalists
• Some lived in congested, ill ventilated, and ugly tenements under insanitary living conditions
• Economic results of the industrial revolution


  • Expansion of industries
  • Increase of commerce
  • Growth of population
  • Rise of cities
  • Greater comfort and high standard of living
  • Division of labor
  • Increase of wealth
• Child labor had existed before the Industrial Revolution, but it became more visible with the increase in population and education
• Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders, with some as young as four employed
• Beatings and long hours were common, with some child coal miners working from 4am until 5pm
• Conditions were dangerous, with some children killed when they dozed off and fell into the path of carts, while others died from gas explosions
• Many children developed lung cancer and other diseases and died before the age of 25
• Workhouses would sell orphans and abandoned children as "pauper apprentices", working without wages for board and lodging
• Industrialization led to the creation of the factory, with the rise of the factory system largely responsible for the rise of the modern city
• Poor people lived in very small houses in cramped streets, sharing toilet facilities, with open sewers and at risk of damp
• Disease was spread through a contaminated water supply, but conditions did improve during the 19th century as public health acts were introduced
• The Industrial Revolution created a larger middle class of professionals such as lawyers and doctors
• Huge numbers of the working class died due to diseases spreading through the cramped living conditions, including chest diseases from the mines, cholera from polluted water, and typhoid
• Accidents in factories with child and female workers were regular, and strikes and riots by workers were also relatively common