DRRR VOLCANIC HAZARD

• vulnerability refers to the characteristics of a person or community that increase their susceptibility to the damaging effects of a hazard.
• vulnerability is about the capacity to cope and recover from a disaster
• vulnerability can be influenced by various factors such as socioeconomic status, health, governance and location
• socioeconomic status: poverty, lack of education, and limited access to resources can make people more vulnerable.
• health: pre-existing health conditions, age, and disability can increase vuknerability during disasters
• governance: weak institutors, lack of preparedness plans, and poor infrastructures can make communities more vuknerable
• location: living near high risk areas like coastlines, rivers, mountains, etc., increases vulnerability
• exposure refers to the presense of people, infrastructure or economic activity in locations that could be affected by a particular hazard.
• exposure is where things are in relation to the hazard
• exposure is often measured by population density, location of settlements and infrastructure, and type of infrastructure
• volcano is a vent on the earth's surface that opens downwards to a pool of molten rock, debris and gasses
• stages of volcano's life includes active, dominant and extinct
• active volcanoes erupt regularly
• active volcanoes generally considered to have erupted in the past 10,000 years roughly since the last ice age
• examples of active volcanoes are, pinatubo in boundaries of pampanga, tarlac and luzon and the latest the taal volcano in batangas
• stages of volcano's life includes dormant volcanoes which are volcanoes that have not erupted in a long time but are expected to erupt again in the future.
• dormant volcanoes can be tricky to distinguish from extinct volcanoes
• examples of dormant volcanoes are the mt. fuji of japan and the mt. balungo in pangasinan
• extinct volcanoes which has erupted thousand of years ago and has no possibility to erupt again in the future
• extinct volcanoes are believed to not erupt again however there's no full proof that because there are other volcanoes that still erupted that are previously thought to be extinct
• example of extinct volcanoes are mt. arayat of pampanga and mt. atimbia of laguna
• volcanic hazards are a phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose potential threat to persons or property in each area within a given period
• the risk that can be associated with a volcanic hazard depends on the proximity and vulnerability of an asset or a population of people near to where a volcanic event might occur
• lava flows - are streamlike flows incandescent molten rock erupted from a crater or fissure
• the reason why it has a negative impact or it is hazardous is because lava flows rarely threat human life because the lava moves slowly, lavas can burn, lavas can bury homes and agricultural areas are under meters of hardened rock
• ashfall or tephra fall are showers of airbone fine-to coarse- grained volcanic particles that fallout from the plumes of a volcanic eruption, ashfall distribution/ disperal is dependent on prevailing wind direction
• ashfall endanger life and property by during peak of eruption with excessive ash can cause poor or low visibility (driving, slippery roads)
• pyroclastic flows and surges are turbulent mass of ejected fragmented volcanic materials (ash and rocks), mixed with hot that flow downslope at very high speed
• pyroclastic flows and surges are highly destructive owing to their mass, high temperature, high velocity and great mobility
• lahars are rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments of pyroclastic materials and water triggered by intense heavy rainfall caused by typhoons, moonsoons and thunderstorms
• lahars have detroyed many villages and lives living on pinatubo and mayon volcano because most of the people live in valleys where lahars flow
• lahars detroy by direct impact like roads, bridges and houses they can also block tributary streams and can form a lake
• volcanic gases - gases and aerosols released into the atmosphere which include water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, chloride and hydrogen fluoride
• sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen fluoride are some gases that pose hazard to animals, people, agriculture and property
• sulfur dioxide can lead to acid rain
• fluorine compounds can deform and kill animals that grazed on
• debris avalance or volcanic landslide - massive collapse of a volcano that is usually triggered by an earthquake or volcanic eruption
• negative impacts of a debris avalanche are when a huge portion of the side of a volcano collapses due to slope failure. it results to a massive destruction like what happened in mt. helens in the USA in 1980
• a debris avalanche leaves an amphitheater-like feature and that at the base of volcanoes with debris avalanche event, a hummorocky topography (small hills all over)
• ballistic projectiles are volcanic materials directly ejected from the volcano's vent with force and trajectory