Ch 12 Terms

• Renaissance


  "rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
• Communes


  Collective farms grouped together to organize farming and plan public services
• Patronage


  artists being paid to make works for rich nobles
• debate about women

  Debate among writers and thinkers in the Renaissance about women's qualities and proper role in society.
• Thomas Moore (1478-1535)


  Utopia; first part concerning rise of capitalism, ownership and modern poverty

  Second party explains his utopian lifestyle of pirmitive communism based on god's will

  - man is innately good (>< hobbes, spinoza)

  - believes private property is bad and corrupting, should not exist in a perfect world

  - economy and man self-sufficient

  - indirect election of government

  - king can be deposed if tyrannical

  - fears newly emerging capitalist order that started increasing impoverishment of people
• Gabelle


  Tax on salt during pre-revolutionary France-included in the Estate's list of grievances.
• Humanism


  A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
• Christian Humanism


  a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church
• Erasmus


  (1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.
• Machiavelli


  Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."
• Individualism


  giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
• virtue


  A habitual and firm disposition to do good
• New Christians


  A term for Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula who accepted Christianity; in many cases they included Christians whose families had converted centuries earlier.
• Oligarchy


  a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
• Popolo


  Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power.
• prince


  Written by machiavelli, described that power is more important, "better to be feared than loved"
• Royal Council


  the body of men who happened to be with the king at a given time and usually including his chief officials; renaissance princes tended to prefer middle class councilors to noble ones.
• Secularism


  A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations.
• Signori


  Government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan; also refers to these rulers.
• Michelangelo


  (1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.
• Leonardo da Vinci


  Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect
• Medici Family


  Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries
• New Monarchies


  Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. (p. 414)