Ch 16 Terms

• Aristotelian World View


  Motionless earth was fixed at center of universe, God was beyond.
• Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning

  Deductive: general to specific

  Inductive: specific to general
• Secular


  Non-religious
• Parlement of Paris


  The main court of law in France, which competed with members of the court for influence over the king. Members were known as "nobility of the robe," while the hereditary, military-oriented courtiers were "nobility of the sword".
• Galileo


  Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars
• Diderot


  Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.
• Bayle


  Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) was a French Huguenot who despised Louis XIV and found refuge in the Netherlands. A teacher by profession and journalist by inclination, Bayle took full advantage of freedom in the Netherlands. One of the most famous skeptics of his time, Pierre Bayle critically examined and criticized the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past. He concluded that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt. (p.609)
• Kepler


  This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun.
• bacon


  This scientist spread the word about the experimental method and formalized the empirical method and combined his thinking with Descartes to form the scientific method
• Descartes


  (1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.
• D'Holbach


  Wrote "System of Nature", argued that humans were machines governed by outside forces. He believed that free will, God, and immorality of the soul were myths. Aggressively atheist.
• Newton


  A unit of measure that equals the force required to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at 1 meter per second per second
• Montesquieu


  French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)
• Voltaire


  (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
• Copernicus


  Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.
• Brahe


  (1546-1601) A Danish astronomer who designed and built new instruments for observing the heavens and trained many other astronomers. He rejected heliocentrism despite his discovery of a new star and comet that disproved Aristotle's theory.
• Madame Geoffrin


  One of the leading females during Enlightenment. Had the most famous salon. Godmother of encyclopedia
• Madame du Chatelet


  an intellectually gifted woman from a high aristocracy with a passion for science. Voltaire's longtime companion, Madame du Chatelet studied physics and mathematics and published science articles and translations. She was the finest example of an elite French woman, Madame du Chatelet suffered because of her gender. She was excluded from the Royal Academy of Sciences. She later became uncertain of her ability to make important scientific discoveries.
• Catherine the Great


  Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)
• Cartesian Dualism


  Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
• Empiricism


  the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
• Enlightened Absolutism


  a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers
• Enlightenment


  A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
• experimental method


  A method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor.
• General Will


  According to Rousseau the general will is sacred and absolute, reacting the common interests of the people who have displaced the monarch as the holder of ultimate power.
• Law of Inertia


  A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
• Rationalism


  A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response
• Salons


  Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas
• law of universal gravitation


  the scientific law that states that every object in the universe attracts every other object
• Philophes


  intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment who believed in applying a spirit of rational criticism to all things, including religion and politics, and who focused on improving and enjoying this world, rather than on the afterlife
• progress


  to move a step in a positive direction; to improve; to move a step closer to a goal
• Joseph 2


  he was called the peasant emperor. did the most reform to the lives of his subjects.
• Fredrick the Great


  King of Prussia who used the military to strengthen the nation's power
• Skepticism


  A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.