INTEGRAL COMPONENTS

• 1. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

  • spread from one person to another (nakakahawa)
  • Disease that are catching
  • Disease that are caused by germs or pathogens

  Examples: viruses, bacteria
• 1. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

  • It is an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxic products that are transmitted directly or indirectly to a well person through an agent, vector, or inanimate object

  Droplets, airborne, or touched
• TWO TYPES OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

  1. INFECTIOUS
  2. CONTAGIOUS
• TWO TYPES OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

  1. Infectious disease - not easily transmitted by ordinary contact but require a direct inoculation through a break in a previously intact skin or mucous membrane

  Example: mosquitoes and sharing of needle (HIV)
• TWO TYPES OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

  1. Contagious disease - easily transmitted from one person to another through direct or indirect means

  Example: tuberculosis and covid-19 (airborne)
• 1. Asepsis - freedom from disease-causing microorganism (used on living organisms)
• TWO TYPES OF ASEPSIS

  1. MEDICAL
  2. SURGICAL
• Medical asepsis - limiting the number, growth, and transmission of microorganism
• Surgical asepsis or sterile technique - practices that destroy all microorganism and spurs
• Disinfection  - destruction of pathogenic microorganism outside the body (nonliving things) by directly applying heat, physical, or chemical means
• TWO TYPES OF DISINFECTION

  1. CONCURRENT
  2. TERMINAL
• 1. Concurrent - done immediately after the infected individual discharges infectious material/secretions
• 1. Terminal - applied when the patient is no longer the source of infection (surroundings)
• Disinfectant - chemical used on non living objects
• Antiseptic - chemical used on living things
• Bactericidal - kills microorganism
• Sterilization - complete (100%) destruction of all microorganism
• CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO INCIDENCE

  1. SPORADIC
  2. ENDEMIC
  3. EPIDEMIC
  4. PANDEMIC
• 1. Sporadic - disease that occur occasionally and irregularity with no specific pattern (occasional)
• Endemic - those that are present  in a population or community always (always)
• 1. Epidemic - diseases that occur in a greater number than what is expected in a specific area over a specific time  (> usual)
• 1. Pandemic - simultaneous occurrence of an infectious disease over a whole country or the world at a particular time.
• 1. INFECTION

  • invasion and multiplication of microorganisms on the tissues of the host resulting in signs and symptoms as well as immunologic responses.
• TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CAUSES INFECTION

  1. BACTERIA
  2. VIRUSES
  3. FUNGI
• TYPES OF INFECTION

  1. LOCAL
  2. SYSTEMIC
  3. BACTEREMIA
  4. SEPTICIMIA
• Local infection – limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain.
• Systemic infection- if the microorganisms spread and damage the different parts of the body.
• 1. bacteremia-. When a culture of the person's blood reveals microorganisms.
• septicemia- when bacteremia results in systemic infection
• FACTORS OF SEVERITY OF INFECTION

  1. ABILITY
  2. NUMBER
  3. STRENGTH OF HOST DEFENSE MECHANISM
  4. VIRULENCE
  5. INVASIVENESS
  6. DOSE
•  Virulence – it is the over all strength of the microorganism
• Dose – the number of the organism required to cause infection
• 1. Invasiveness – the ability of the organism to penetrate an intact barrier.
• SEVERITY OF DURATION

  1. ACUTE
  2. CHRONIC
  3. SUBACUTE
  4. LATENT
• 1. Acute - develops rapidly but last a short time
• 1. Chronic - develops more slowly, reaction to the disease are less severe likely to be continual or recurrent for long period (TB and Hepa B)
• 1. Subacute - intermediate between acute and chronic
• 1. Latent - the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms
• HOST CHARACTERISTICS

  1. SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
  2. AGE
  3. NUTRITION
  4. DISEASE HISTORY
  5. LIFESTYLE
  6. IMMUNIZATION
• CAUSES OF INFECTION

  1. AIR TRAVEL
  2. USE OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS AND INVASIVE PROCEDURE
  3. PROBLEMS WITH BODY LINE OF DEFENSE