Anaphy

• Anatomy


  Study of the structures of the body
• Physiology


  Study of the processes and functions of the body
• Approaches to the Study of Anatomy

  • Systemic Anatomy - study of the body by organ system
  • Regional Anatomy - study of the body by areas
• General Ways to Examine the Internal Structures

  • Surface Anatomy - study of external features; superficial structures to locate deeper structures
  • Anatomical Imaging - non-invasive method for examining deep structures; x-ray, CT scan, PET scan, MRI
• Anatomical Position


  A person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
• Supine


  Lying face upward
• Prone


  Lying face downward
• Functions of the Integumentary System (PSVTE)

  • Protection
  • Sensation
  • Vitamin D production
  • Temperature regulation
  • Excretion
• Epidermis


  The most superficial layer, consisting of stratified squamous epithelium. In the deepest layers, mitosis occurs. Keratinization - cells change shape and chemical composition, becoming filled with the protein keratin.
• Dermis


  Dense collagenous connective tissue, containing fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels. Cleavage lines/Tension lines - collagen fibers are oriented in some directions, making the skin most resistant to stretch along these lines.
• Subcutaneous Tissue


  Also called the hypodermis. Loose connective tissue that attaches the skin to underlying bones. Stores the body's fat, providing padding and insulation.
• Glands


  • Sebaceous Glands
  • Eccrine Sweat Glands
  • Apocrine Sweat Glands
  • Ceruminous Glands
  • Mammary Glands
• Functions of the Skeletal System (S2PMB)


  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Blood cell production
• General Features of Bone

  • Diaphysis - central shaft
  • Epiphysis - ends
  • Epiphyseal plates - growth plate; where the bone grows in length

  
• Bone Remodeling


  1. Removal of existing bone by osteoclasts

  2. Deposition of new bone by osteoblasts

  3. Responsible for change in bone shape, bone adjustment, repair, and calcium ion regulation

  
• Bone Repair


  1. Clot is formed in the damaged area

  2. Blood vessels and cells invade the clot and form a callus (network of fibers and islets of cartilage)

  3. Osteoblasts enter the callus and form spongy bone

  4. Bone is slowly remodeled to compact bone

  
• Bone and Calcium Homeostasis

  1. Osteoclasts remove calcium = blood calcium levels increase

  2. Osteoblasts deposit calcium = blood calcium levels decrease
• Hormones that maintain Calcium Homeostasis

  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • Calcitonin
• General Considerations of Bone Anatomy

  • 206 bones = adult
  • 276 bones = newborn baby
  • 22 bones = skull (8 brain case + 14 facial bones)
  • Vertebral Column - 26 individual bones

  
• Functions of the Muscular System (M2RPC3)

  • Movement of the body
  • Maintenance of posture
  • Respiration
  • Production of body heat
  • Communication
  • Constriction of organs and vessels
  • Contraction of the heart
• Major Functional Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle

  • Contractility - ability to shorten with force
  • Excitability - capacity to respond to a stimulus
  • Extensibility - ability to be stretched to their normal resting length
  • Elasticity - ability to recoil to their original resting length
• Circulatory System Components


  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood

  
• Pulmonary Circulation


  Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, then back to the left side
• Systemic Circulation


  Left side of the heart pumps blood to all other tissues of the body, then back to the right side
• Cardiac Output (CO)


  Volume of blood pumped, approximately 5 L/min (5-6 L/min)
• Stroke Volume (SV)


  Volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction, e.g. 70 mL/beat (50-100)
• Heart Rate (HR)


  Number of times the heart contracts per minute, e.g. 72 beats/min (60-100)
• Cardiac Output


  CO = SV x HR
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)


  An extremely valuable tool for diagnosing a number of cardiac abnormalities. P wave - depolarization of the atrial myocardium, QRS complex - depolarization of the ventricles, T wave - repolarization of ventricles.
• Heart


  Muscular organ that pumps blood through the body
• Pain Reliever


  • Lime
  • Strawberry
  • Lemon Tablet
• Route of Blood Flow Through the Heart

  1. Superior & Inferior vena cava

  2. Right Atrium (RA)

  3. Tricuspid Valve (TV)

  4. Right Ventricle (RV)

  5. Pulmonary semilunar valves

  6. Pulmonary trunk

  7. Pulmonary arteries

  8. Lung tissue (Pulmonary circulation)

  9. Pulmonary veins

  10. Left Atrium (LA)

  11. Biscupid Valve (BV)

  12. Left Ventricle (LV)

  13. Aortic semilunar valves

  14. Aorta

  15. Body tissues (Systemic Circulation)

  
• Cardiac output (CO)


  Volume of blood pumped; 5 L/min (5-6 l/min)
• Stroke volume (SV)


  Volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction; e.g. 70 mL/beat (50-100)
• Heart rate (HR)


  Number of times the heart contracts per minute; e.g. 72 beats/min (60-100)
• CO


  SV x HR
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)


  Valuable tool for diagnosing cardiac abnormalities
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)


  1. P wave - depolarization of the atrial myocardium

  2. QRS complex - depolarization of the ventricles

  3. T wave - repolarization of ventricles

  4. PQ interval - time between the beginning of the P wave and the beginning of the QRS complex; atria contracts and begins to relax

  5. PR interval - common name because the Q wave is very small

  6. QT interval - represents the time required for ventricular
• Heart Sounds


  • Lubb - closure of the AV valves
  • Dupp - closure of the semilunar valves
  • Murmurs - abnormal heart sounds; result of a faulty valve
  • Stenosed - when opening of a valve is narrowed; swishing sound precedes
• Stethoscope


  Used to listen to the sounds of the lungs and the heart