Cereal

• Cereal Definition: Mostly grasses, they are cultivated for their edible grain or seed
• Small Grain


  • wheat
  • barley
  • oats
  • rye
  • triticale
  • rice
• Large Grain


  • corn
  • sorghum
  • millet
• Small Cereal Crops


  • Small plant structure
• Large Cereal Crops


  • Large plant structure
• Tillage x Crop Rotation on corn yields

  1. S: ~15 bu/ac more corn after wheat
• Tillage x Crop Rotation on Soybean Yields

  ~4-6 bu/ac more soybean when wheat in rotation
• How much fertilizer nitrogen will be needed for corn next year following a good red clover crop?
• Corn Yields after Wheat +/- Red Clover

  Corn yield after red clover: +6.7 bu/ac
• Impact of delayed planting to enterprise analysis
• The crop grown on most acres in the world is _______________.
• How is global wheat production increasing?
• Why the variability from year-to-year?
• How does wheat rank in area grown in Ontario?
• Rank the top 4 small cereal grains in terms of area grown in Ontario

  • winter wheat
  • barley
  • oat
  • mixed
• What province grows the most wheat and why (area grown)?
• What province has the lowest yields and why?
• What is the area grown/yield relationship in Ontario?
• Trendline Yields in Ontario, 1981-2021
• The evolution of wheat - examples of spikes and grain
• Vernalization


  Coldness over winter "triggers" reproduction
• In SW Ontario, winter wheat outyields spring wheat by 1.5 to 2.5 t/ha or 25 to 35 bu/ac.
• For that reason, production of spring wheat is not recommended in the southern most part of Ontario
• Why is winter wheat more productive in SW Ontario than spring wheat?
• Wheat Production Areas in Eastern and Southern Ontario


  • Area I
  • Area II
  • Area III
• Millers in Ontario prefer soft white over soft red because Canadians seem to prefer light coloured bran flakes. Millers would need to bleach the bran of soft reds to meet the market specs of bran
• Wheat Classes


  • Canada Eastern Hard Red Spring
  • Canada Eastern Hard Red Winter
  • Canada Eastern Soft Red Winter
  • Canada Eastern Soft White Winter
  • Canada Eastern Amber Durum
  • Canada Eastern Feed
• Canada Eastern Hard Red Winter

  Grain is hard, red and high in protein (12-16%), superior flour for bread, noodles, pasta
• Canada Eastern Soft Red Winter


  High yielding, more sprout resistant than soft whites
• Canada Eastern Soft White Winter


  Not as widely grown because of slightly lower yields and susceptible to sprouting before harvest, Low protein (<11%), Cakes, cookies, cereal, crackers, biscuits, pastries
• Canada Eastern Amber Durum


  Hard wheat high in protein (>12%), Very little grown in Ontario, More durum in western Canada, Macaroni, noodles
• Canada Eastern Feed


  Any class except durum, Used for feed, Lower market price
• You should know: There are many varieties of wheat, divided into different classes, mainly for the end-user or purpose
• Growers' Require


  • High protein for premium $$ in hard wheats
  • High yield
  • High test weight
  • Good lodging resistance
  • Good disease tolerance
  • Low mycotoxins
  • Good winter survival
  • Low sprout susceptibility
• Millers' Require


  • High protein
  • Low protein
  • High test weight
  • Low flour ash
  • High falling number
  • High flour yield
• Hard Wheat


  • High kernel hardness
• Soft Wheat


  • Low kernel hardness
  • Low flour viscosity
  • Low cookie thickness
  • High cookie width
• Perfect varieties do not exist!
• Choosing the right varieties requires a lot of searching
• Rewarding - return on investment of your time in selection will pay $$$$!