tcw - midterm

• Global North


  Developed societies of Europe and North America, characterized by established democracy, wealth, technological advancement, political stability, aging population, zero population growth and dominance of world trade and politics
• Global South


  Developing countries, mainly agrarian economies in Africa, India, China, Latin America and others that are not as economically and politically stable as their Global North counterparts, characterized by turmoil, war, conflict, poverty, anarchy and tyranny
• The Brandt Report (1983) identified the North as countries above the 30 degree North latitude, and the South as countries below the 30 degree North latitude (except Australia and New Zealand)

  
• Characteristics of the Global North


  • 1/4 of the world's people
  • 4/5 of world's income
  • Average life expectancy more than 70 years
  • Most people have enough to eat
  • Most people are educated
  • Over 90% of the world's manufacturing industry
  • About 96% of the world's spending on research and development
• Characteristics of the Global South


  • 3/4 of the world's people
  • 1/5 of world's income
  • Average life expectacy of 50 years
  • 1/5 or more suffer from hunger and malnutrition
  • 1/2 of the people have little chance of any education
  • Less than 10% of the world's manufacturing industry
  • 4% of the world's research and development
• The terms "The North" and "The South" are alternative designations for "developed" and "developing" countries
• The North-South divide is broadly considered a socio-economic and political divide
• The Global North refers to the First World Countries or Developed Countries
• The Global South refers to the Third World Countries or the Developing Countries
• Lisandro E. Claudio's study


  Explores the development and underdevelopment paradox of globalization, and sheds light on the "global south" as a concept to allude to the underdeveloped economies in the supposed progress brought about by globalization
• Lisandro E. Claudio


  • Intellectual and cultural historian of the Philippines, assistant professor at Ateneo de Manila University, also taught at De La Salle University, post-doctoral fellow at Kyoto University's Center for Southeast Asian Studies, earned AB Communication in Ateneo de Manila University, and a PhD in Asian History in University of Melbourne, authored books on liberalism and the postcolony in the Philippines and on Jose Rizal
• The global environmental crisis is a reflection of interstate inequality
• The globalized world faces two contradictory trends: globalized market opens the prospects of unimagined wealth, but also creates new vulnerabilities to political turmoil and the danger of a new gap
• In economies driven by a near imperative for the big to acquire the small, companies of developing countries are increasingly being absorbed by American and European multinationals
• This solves the problem of access to capital for developing countries, but brings about growing vulnerabilities to domestic political tensions, especially in times of crisis
• Within the developing countries, it creates political temptations for attacks on the entire system of globalization
• The typical developing country's economy bifurcates: one set of enterprises is integrated into the global economy, mostly owned by international corporations, while the rest, cut off from globalization, employs much of the labor force at the lowest wages and with the bleakest social prospects
• Resistance against colonialism and modernity benefited from increased political dissident amidst an early phase of globalization in the late 19th century
• Socialist internationalism was slow to take up the cause of colonized people, until Lenin founded the Communist International or Comintern in 1919 as an alternative locus of socialist internationalism
• The North-South Divide is criticized for being a way of segregating people along economic lines and is seen as a factor of widening gap between developed and developing economies
• The United Nations has developed a program dedicated to narrowing the divide through its Millennium Development Goals, including improving education and ensuring environmental sustainability
• Greece, a major European economy, is facing the worst effects of the 2008 global financial crisis, becoming more like a 'backward', underdeveloped country, with Germany and the IMF prescribing 'cures' recommended for countries in the global south
• As global issues worsen, it's crucial for the North to support solutions from the South
• Regionalism


  A political ideology that favors a specific region over a greater area, usually resulting from political separations, religious geography, cultural boundaries, linguistic regions, and managerial divisions
• Regions


  A group of countries located in the same geographically specified area, can be a combination of two or more regions organized to regulate and oversee flows and policy choices
• Evolution of Asian Regionalism


  • ASEAN formed in 1967 with original members Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore
  • ASEAN Plus Three (Japan, South Korea, China) instituted in 1997
  • ASEAN's first summit meeting held in 1976
  • APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) established with strong US support
• Regionalization


  The process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions, including division of a nation into states or provinces, in the economic context it is a management tool
• Regionalism


  Created as a sort of counter-globalization, where regional organizations will always prefer regional partners over the rest of the world
• Globalization


  The expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-space and world-time
• Differences between Regionalization and Globalization

  • Regionalization divides an area into smaller segments, while Globalization promotes integration of economies across state borders
  • Regionalization is more likely to develop monopolies, while Globalization allows free market
  • Regionalization does not support multiculturalism, while Globalization accelerates it
  • Regionalized areas do not get involved in the affairs of other areas, while globalized international communities are more willing to aid countries in disasters
  • Advancement of technology is rarely available in one country or region, while Globalization has driven great advances in technology
• Regional Integration


  The process by which two or more nation-states agree to cooperate and work closely together to achieve peace, stability and wealth
• Factors leading to greater integration of Asian regions

  • Military Defense (e.g. NATO, Warsaw Pact)
  • Economic Crisis (e.g. ASEAN+3 emergency fund)
  • Resources (e.g. OPEC)
  • Protection of Independence (e.g. Non-Alignment Movement)
• The entire world is moving towards integration, it is inevitable
• Military Defense


  • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed to protect Europe for the threat of the Soviet Union; and as a response, the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact
• Economic Crisis


  • The ASEAN countries along with China, Japan and South Korea established an emergency fund that stabilized Asian economies after the rippling effect of the Thai economy's collapse
• Resources


  • Countries need to pool their resources together to make themselves more powerful. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) rose in the power when they took over domestic production and controlled crude oil prices across the globe
• Protection of Independence


  • The countries under the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) refused to side with the capitalists (Western Europe & North America) or the communists (Eastern Europe)
• FACTORS LEADING TO THE GREATER INTEGRATION OF THE ASIAN REGIONS
• ASIAN NATIONS DEALING WITH REGIONALIZATION and GLOBALIZATION
• CHALLENGES TO REGIONALISM


  • Resurgence of militant nationalism and populism
  • Continuing financial crisis
  • Conflict between sovereignty and regional stability
  • Differing visions of regionalism