STRESS AND COPING

• • Stress is a universal phenomenon experienced by everyone. The level of stress dictates how an individual reacts and interacts with everything around them
• 1. Stress - condition where an individual experiences changes in the normal balance
• 1. Stressor - any event or stimulus that causes an individual to experience stress
• SOURCES OF STRESS

  1. INTERNAL
  2. EXTERNAL
  3. DEVELOPMENTAL
  4. SITUATIONAL
• Sources of stress

  1. Internal - originate within a person
• Sources of stress

  1. External - outside an individual, stress from moving and peer pressure
• Sources of stress

  1. Developmental - stress that occur at predictable times throughout an individual's life
• Sources of stress

  1. Situational - unpredictable stress may occur at anytime during life may be positive (wedding) or negative (accidents)
• EFFECTS OF STRESS

  1. PHYSICAL
  2. EMOTIONAL
  3. INTELLECTUAL
  4. SOCIAL
  5. SPIRITUAL
• INDICATORS OF STRESS

  1. PHYSIOLOGICAL
  2. PSYCHOLOGICAL
  3. COGNITIVE
• 1. Physiological - include the activation of sympathetic and neuroendocrine systems
• 1. Psychological - include anxiety, fear, anger, depression, and unconscious ego defense and mechanism
• PYSCHOLOGICAL INDICATOR OF STRESS

  1. ANXIETY
  2. ANGER
  3. DEPRESSION
  4. EGO
• 1. Anxiety - state of mental uneasiness, apprehension, dread, or foreboding, or a feeling of helplessness related to anticipated threats/events
• 1. anger - subjective feeling of animosity or strong displeasure
• 1. depression - an extreme feeling of sadness, despair, lack of worth and emptiness. Common reaction to events that seem overwhelmingly
• 1. Ego defense mechanisms - unconscious psychological adaptive mechanisms that develop as the self attempts to defend itself
• COGNITIVE INDICATORS

  1. PROBLEM SOLVING
  2. STRUCTURING
  3. SELF-CONTROL
  4. SUPPRESSION
  5. FANTASY
• Cognitive indicators - thinking responses that include problem solving, structuring, self discipline, or fantasy.
• 1. Problem solving - thinking through a threatening situations to find solutions
• 1. Structuring - arrangement or structuring of situations to avoid stressful events
• 1. Self-control - assuming a manner that conveys a sense of being in control or in charge.
• 1. Suppression -willfully putting a thought or feeling out of mind
  2. Fantasy - using make-believe to imagine wishes as fulfilled or threats as nonexistent.
• 1. Coping 

  • Dealing with change or stress that can be successful or unsuccessful
• 1. Coping strategy (mechanisms)

  • Natural or learned way of responding to a changing environment or specific problem
• COPING MEHCANISM

  1. PROBLEM FOCUSED
  2. EMOTION FOCUSED
  3. LONG TERM
  4. SHORT TERM
  5. ADAPTIVE
  6. MALADAPTIVE
• 1. Problem focused coping - efforts to improve a situation by making changes or taking actions
• 1. Emotion focused coping - thoughts and action that relieve emotional distress
• 1. Long term coping strategies - eliminate stress and permanently deal with the problem
• 1. Short term coping strategies - reduce dress to a tolerate limit temporarily
• 1. Adaptive coping - deals effectively with stressful events and minimizes distress “effective coping”
• 1. Maladaptive coping - causes unnecessary distress for patients and their support system. Ineffective coping.
• FACTORS AFFECTING COPING

  • number
  • past experiences
  • availability of support systems
  • personal qualities
• 1. Caregiver burden

  • Stress from undertaking the care of a person in the house for a long period.
  • The nurse should also create interventions for the caregiver as they can also be considered as clients.