Water

• What happened in most water disputes 1948-1998?

  -most ended peacefully

  - 43 involved military acts

  - 18 were with Israel and its neighbours
• How much does water cost in the UK, Ghana and Papua New Guinea?

  - Uk - £0.07 per 50l from an official piped supply - 0.1% of typical low daily salary

  - Ghana - £0.45 per 50l from a tanker truck - 25% of typical low daily salary

  - Papa New Guinea - £1.84 per 50l from a water delivery service - 54% of typical low daily salary
• Carbon Cycle


  a process by which carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, land, water, and organisms
• What type of system is the CC ?

  Closed
• Carbon store


  A place where carbon is accumalated and stored
• Carbon flux


  Transfer of carbon from one store to another
• 4 Carbon stores


  1 - Atmosphere

  2 - Hydrosphere

  3 - Biosphere

  4 - Lithosphere
• Anthropogenic activity


  Acivity that is associated with human responsibility
• Examples of the fast carbon cycle

  - Photosynthesis

  - Respiration

  - Volcanic outgassing
• Examples of the slow carbon cycle

  - Weathering and erosion

  - Sedimentation and fossilisation
• Key processes in Carbon Cycle

  - Weathering

  - Decomposition

  - Transportation

  - Sedimentation
• Weathering


  The chemical and physical processes that break down rock at Earth's surface.
• Decomposition


  Organisms die and decompose , which returns the CO2 back into the atmosphere
• Volcanic outgassing


  The release of gases into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions - contains C02
• Carbon Cycle pumps


  The processes operating in oceans to circulate and store carbon. There are three sorts: biological, carbonate and physical
• Biological Pump


  - Phytoplankton on the surface take up the sunlight to photosynthesise with

  - This starts the food chain , as they are eaten other animals absorb the C02 they had

  - C02 is released back into the atmosphere and the ocean - most being recycled to the surface

  - 0.1 % of the C02 falls to the bottom as the phytoplankton die , then stored at bottom of ocean
• Carbonate Pump


  - Organisms use calcium carbonate as a way to make their shells and skeletons stronger

  - When these organisms die , these shells may dissolve in the water and be held as a store

  - Or they may fall to the bottom of the ocean as a start of sedimentary rock formation
• Physical Pump


  - Colder waters hold more C02 (concentration is 10% higher in cold water)

  - warmer water releases C02 to the atmosphere , whilst colder water absorbs C02

  - Thermohaline circulation moves water from warmer areas to colder areas where it can store 50% more C02
• Tropical rainforests


  - Large store of carbon

  - Amazon sequestrates 17% of terrestrial carbon

  - Brazil Nut Tree (1% of Amazon) stores 50% of all Carbon
• Seasonal fluxes


  - Winter means less plants are growing therefore there is more atmospheric C02

  - Summer and spring allows for plants to grow therefore less atmospheric C02
• Greenhouse effect


  - Radiation from the sun to the atmosphere

  - 31% reflected by the clouds , 69% absorbed

  - Of the 69% , 69% is re-radiated to space as long wave radiation

  - However this radiation can be trapped by the greenhouse gases acting as a belt around the earth , stopping the radiation from escaping
• Positive feedback (global temperatures)


  Global warming causes ice to melt , this releases gases that were stored under the ice - these can contribute to the greenhouse effect which causes global warming
• Energy consumption - standard of living

  If people would be able to afford the cost of using the energy or have the right technology that the energy would power
• Energy consumption - climate

  May use more energy in colder climates as they need more energy to heat homes
• Energy consumption - cost


  The cost of exploitation , processing (turning into usable energy) and the cost of delivering
• Energy consumption - environmental priorities

  May use less non-renewable energy due to the byproducts and therefore may find other , less energy intense ways
• Energy consumption - public perceptions


  Just Stop Oil and other protestors may intervene with the consumption of energy
• Energy consumption - economic development


  The costs of energy may be perceived as unaffordable in 1 country but fair in another
• Energy consumption - availability


  If a country has access to resources and is able to extract
• Energy consumption - technology

  having the right tools to extract and then deliver the energy
• USA vs France energy mix

  USA (320m)

  - Total consumption 10x France

  - Has very warm and very cold climates - France is a very moderate climate
• USA vs France (Non - Renewables)

  - USA = 82%

  - France = 50%
• USA vs France (Renewables)

  - USA = 10%

  - France = 9%
• USA vs France (Nuclear)

  - USA = 8%

  - France = 41%
• USA vs France (Imported)

  - USA = 15%

  - France = 46%
• Russian Gas


  - 2nd largest producer

  - most exports to Europe
• Russian Gas to Europe

  - 3 of 4 pipelines to Europe go through Ukraine - 80%

  - Due to recent invasion Ukraine may charge higher price to cross the country or attack the pipes to ruin Russian income

  - Russia could invade and try to take control of pipes

  - 2009 - Gazprom supplying 25% Europe's needs

  - Germany did get 50% from Russia
• Canadian Tar Sands


  - Started commercial in 1967

  - Produce 40% of Canada's oil output

  - Requires strip mining, so has large environmental impacts on states like Alberta

  - Vulnerable to oil price fluctuations because extraction is expensive

  - could meet 16% N. America's needs

  - Conclin - 1/3 community living in sub-standard conditions

  - 2-5 barrels of water for every 1 barrel of oil
• Brazilian Deepwater Oil


  - Leading emerging economy (BRIC)

  - Oil reserves discovered in 2006

  - 200 km offshore

  - Risky drilling so far offshore

  - Hazardous access by ship due to rough seas

  - Rigs drill over 2,000m below surface and thousands of metres below the seabed under a thick layer of salt

  - Reservoirs contain huge amounts of toxic, flammable gases

  - Oil rigs have exploded, eg. Deepwater Horizon in Mexico, 2010

  - BP's Atlantis platform produced 200,000 barrels of oil a day
• Biofuels in Brazil


  Fuel derived from crops that can be converted into forms of ethanol and used as fuel