Living conditions C.1880s

• What was reduced and why?

  Cholera and TB

  Economic growth —> better light, ventilation, sanitation, cholera found in the water
• What were the infant mortality rates and life expectancy?

  IM: 360 per 1000 in SW

  LE: 42 (men) 45 (women)

  Childbirth, hard labour , poor health
• What were the living conditions?

  Back-to-back housing

  Pollution

  Overcrowding: 11% in 1891 —> 8% in 1901
• What was education like?

  1881: fee, ages 5-10

  1902: ages 5-12
• What did Booth and Rowntree find?

  B: 30% living underneath the poverty line in London

  R: 28% living underneath the poverty line in York
• What was in place to help the poor?

  State support was demanded but deemed too difficult to regulate

  Charities, orphanages, societies.

  Workhouses gave food and shelter in return for work but they had a bad reputation
• What was the Public Health Act of 1875?

  Gave local authorities the responsibility over water supply, drainage and sewage (disposal)
• What are the staple industries?

  Textiles, shipbuilding, coal, iron and steel
• What is an example of industrial unrest?

  Penrhyn Lockout- N.W 1900

  Result of striking workers

  3 years
• What were white collar professions and what did they cause?

  Med+ Law

  Caused rising middle class --> 1900: 1/3 of women aged 15-20 were domestic servants
• What are Trade Unions and how many members did they have?

  Unions for skilled workers

  1892-1900: 2 million members