Classification & evolution

• Order of classification


  Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
• How the binomial naming system works

  First word is the genus, second word is the species, words are in Latin
• Advantages of the binomial naming system and classification as a whole


  Differences in names between languages, common names don't give detail about evolutionary relationships over continents, sharing of research
• Features used to classify Prokaryotae

  Unicellular, no nucleus, small ribosomes, nutrients absorbed or produced by photosynthesis
• Features used to classify Protoctista

  Unicellular, nucleus, some have chloroplasts or cilia, autotrophic or heterotrophic, some parasitic
• Features used to classify Fungi

  Unicellular or multicellular, nucleus, cell wall of chitin, no chloroplasts, no movement, body made of threads or hyphae, saprophytic, store food as glycogen
• Name for the body of a Fungus

  Mycelium
• Features used to classify Plantae

  Multicellular, nucleus, chloroplasts, cellulose cell wall, autotrophic, store food as starch
• Features used to classify Animalia

  Multicellular, nucleus, no chloroplasts, can move, heterotrophic, store food as glycogen
• Names of the 5 kingdoms

  Prokaryotae, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
• What was originally used for classification?

  Similarities in observable features
• Number of kingdoms


  5
• Sources of evidence that has been used for new classification systems

  DNA sequencing, similarity in haemoglobin structure, rRNA sequences, membrane lipid structure, sensitivity to antibiotics
• Evidence that was used for the three domain system

  rRNA sequences, membrane lipid structure, sensitivity to antibiotics, ribosome structure
• What does the similarity in haemoglobin structure show?

  Common ancestry between primate groups
• How did rRNA sequences provide evidence for the three domain system?

  Organisms in the different domains have different forms of rRNA
• Order of classification


  Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
• How the binomial naming system works


  First word is the genus, second word is the species, words are in Latin
• Advantages of the binomial naming system and classification as a whole


  Differences in names between languages, common names don't give detail about evolutionary relationships over continents, sharing of research
• Features used to classify Prokaryotae


  Unicellular, no nucleus, small ribosomes, nutrients absorbed or produced by photosynthesis
• Features used to classify Protoctista


  Unicellular, nucleus, some have chloroplasts or cilia, autotrophic or heterotrophic, some parasitic
• Features used to classify Fungi


  Unicellular or multicellular, nucleus, cell wall of chitin, no chloroplasts, no movement, body made of threads or hyphae, saprophytic, store food as glycogen
• Name for the body of a Fungus

  Mycelium
• Features used to classify Plantae


  Multicellular, nucleus, chloroplasts, cellulose cell wall, autotrophic, store food as starch
• Features used to classify Animalia


  Multicellular, nucleus, no chloroplasts, can move, heterotrophic, store food as glycogen
• Names of the 5 kingdoms

  Prokaryotae, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
• What was originally used for classification?

  Similarities in observable features
• Number of kingdoms


  5
• Sources of evidence that has been used for new classification systems


  DNA sequencing, similarity in haemoglobin structure, rRNA sequences, membrane lipid structure, sensitivity to antibiotics
• Evidence that was used for the three domain system

  rRNA sequences, membrane lipid structure, sensitivity to antibiotics, ribosome structure
• What does the similarity in haemoglobin structure show?

  Common ancestry between primate groups
• How did rRNA sequences provide evidence for the three domain system?

  Organisms in the different domains have different forms of rRNA
• How did the membrane lipid structure provide evidence for the three domain system?

  Organisms in the different domains have different lipids in their membranes
• Three domains


  Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
• How to identify Eukarya

  80s ribosomes, RNA polymerase has 12 proteins
• How to identify Archaea

  70s ribosomes, RNA polymerase has between 8 and 10 proteins
• How to identify bacteria

  70s ribosomes, RNA polymerase has 5 proteins
• Six kingdoms in the three domain system


  Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protoctista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
• Why is the kingdom of Eubacteria separated from that of Archaebacteria?

  Eubacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls and archaebacteria don't, different ribosome structures
• Examples of Archaebacteria


  Methanogens