CHAP 2 - PR

• Types of Sources:

  1. General References
  2. Primary Sources
  3. Secondary Sources
  4. Tertiary Sources
• General References - sources such as research articles, professional journals, books, monographs, conference proceedings, and similar documents.
• Primary Sources - are those that provide first-hand information about expert's and other researcher's publication.
• Secondary Source - are those written by authors that describe another researcher's works.
• Secondary Sources - contains only summaries or interpretations of the research reports.
• Tertiary Sources - are books and articles based on secondary sources. It synthesize and explains the work of others.
• Related Literature:

  1. Theory
  2. Concept
• Theory - is defined as a statement that makes a claim about a certain phenomenon.
• Theory - can range from complex, well-researched claims to formal guesses about specific situations.
• Concept - a particular phenomenon that can be both abstract and concrete.
• Concept - Everyone in a society shares many of it, though one may present different interpretations of people with distinctive culture and language.
• Writing a Review of Related Literature (Parts):

  1. Introduction
  2. Body
  3. Synthesis
  4. Bibliography
• Introduction - discuss briefly the research problem and the significance of the study.
• Introduction - It may also present the organization of the discussion of the claims and arguments of the experts and researchers aligned with the topic of interest.
• Body - contains a narrative of relevant ideas and findings found in the reports of other researchers that support the present research problem.
• Body - organized in a form of story that will help the conduct of the research and the analysis and the interpretation of data gathered in the research process.
• Synthesis - presents an overall picture of what is established up to the present and how the review can support the development and conduct of the research.
• Synthesis - It explains why the review is relevant and helpful to the present research.
• Bibliography - this part contains the full bibliographic information of all the sources mentioned in the review.
• Bibliography - the information list is needed in building the references section of the research report.
• Organization of Information from Related Literature:

  1. Chronological
  2. Conceptual
  3. Stated Hypothesis
• Chronological - topics are arranged for a usual timeline of development.
• Conceptual - organization of the review is by claims and arguments forming a small body of knowledge that supports the present research.
• Stated Hypothesis - topics are listed based on each hypothesis made in the research and the discussion is done through topic listing.
• Guidelines in Citing Authors of the Related Literature:

  1. By author or writer
  2. By topic
  3. Chronological
• By author or writer - the respective authors or writers are then cited in the footnote.
• By topic - if many authors have the same opinion or idea about the same topic, discussion and citation of the topic is under the names of the authors or writers.
• Chronological - related materials or references may be cited in chronological manner that is according to the year they were written or published.
• Ways of Citing:

  1. APA Format
  2. MLA Format
  3. Chicago Manual Style
• APA Format - American Psychological Association.
• APA Format - The most common way to cite sources in field of social sciences.
• APA Format - The author-date method of in-text citation is followed, in which the author's surname and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text.
• MLA Format - Modern Language Association
• MLA Format - most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities.
• MLA Format - the works of others in the text cited by using what is known as parenthetical citation.
• MLA Format - Involves placing relevant source if information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase.
• Chicago Manual Style Presents documentation system two basic documentation systems:

  1. Notes and bibliography
  2. Author-date
• Chicago Manual Style - each documents system is favored by different groups of scholars depending on the subject matter and the nature of sources cited.
• A work by two authors - Name both authors in the parentheses whenever their work is cited.
• A work by two authors - Used the word "and" between the author's names within the text and uses ampersand (&) in the parentheses.