Mechanisms

• Alkane -> chloroalkane:

  Reagent: $Cl_2$

  Conditions: UV light

  Mechanism: Free radical substitution
• Alkene -> polyalkene:

  Conditions: low temperature, high pressure
• Alkene -> haloalkane:

  Reagent: $HX_{(g)}$

  Conditions: room temperature

  Mechanism: electrophillic addition
• Alkene -> dihaloalkane:

  Reagent: $X_{2(aq)}$, or dissolved in an organic solvent

  Conditions: room temperature

  Mechanism: electrophillic addition
• Alkene -> alkylhydrogen sulfate:

  Reagent: conc. $H_2SO_4$

  Conditions: warm

  Mechanism: electrophillic addition
• Alkylhydrogen sulfate -> alcohol:

  Reagent: water

  Conditions: warm

  Mechanism: hydrolysis
• Alcohol -> alkene:

  Reagent: steam

  Conditions: $300^oC$, 60 atm, sulfuric acid catalyst

  Mechanism: hydration
• Haloalkane -> alcohol:

  Reagent: $NaOH_{(aq)}$ or $KOH_{(aq)}$

  Conditions: warm under reflux

  Mechanism: nucleophillic substitution
• Haloalkane -> Nitrile:

  Reagent: KCN in aqueous ethanol

  Conditions: boil under reflux

  Mechanism: nucleophillic substitution
• Haloalkane -> amine:

  Reagent: ethanolic ammonia

  Conditions: hot

  Type of reaction: nucleophillic substitution
• Haloalkane -> alkene:

  Reagent: ethanolic KOH

  Conditions: hot

  Mechanism: elimination
• Carbonyl -> alcohol:

  Reagent: $NaBH_4$ (aqueous)

  Conditions: room temp

  Mechanism: nucleophillic addition
• Carbonyl -> hydroxynitrile:

  Reagents: KCN + $H_2SO_4$ 


  Conditions: room temperature

  Mechanism: nucleophillic addition
• Acyl chloride -> carboxylic acid:

  Reagents: Water

  Conditions: room temp

  Mechanisms: nucleophillic addition-elimination
• Acyl chloride -> amide:

  Reagents: ammonia

  Conditions: room temperature

  Mechanism: nucleophillic addition-elimination
• Acyl chloride -> esters:

  Reagents: an alcohol

  Conditions: room temperature

  Mechanism: nucleophillic addition-elimination
• Acyl chloride -> N-substituted amides:

  Reagents: primary amine

  Conditions: room temperature

  Mechanism: nucleophillic addition-elimination
• nitrile -> primary amine:

  Reagent: $LiAlH_4$in dry ether

  Conditions: Room temp
• benzene -> nitrobenzene:

  Reagent: Concentrated $HNO_3$ in conc. $H_2SO_4$

  Conditions: $50 ^oC$ under reflux

  Mechanism: Electrophillic substitution
• benzene -> alkylbenzene:

  Reagents: chloroalkane + $AlCl_3$(anhydrous)

  Conditions: $50 ^oC$ under reflux

  Mechanism: electrophillic substitution
• benzene -> phenylketone:

  Reagents: acyl chloride + $AlCl_3$

  Conditions: $50 ^oC$ under reflux

  Mechanism: electrophillic addition