AOM

• Medication (drug)


  Any substance that modifies body functions when taken into the body
• Pharmacology


  Study of drugs and their effect on the body's functioning
• Medication administration


  A basic nursing duty that involves skillful technique and consideration of the patient's development, health status and safety
• Drug nomenclature

  • Chemical name
  • Generic name
  • Trade name (Brand name)
• Chemical name


  A precise description of the drug's chemical composition that identifies the atomic and molecular structure using exact chemical language and terminology
• Generic name


  Assigned by the manufacturer that first develops the drug, identifies the drug's active ingredient, and is not owned by any drug company and is universally accepted
• Trade name (Brand name)


  Selected by the pharmaceutical company that sells the drug and is protected by trademark
• Types of drug preparation

  • Capsule
  • Tablet
  • Powder
  • Syrup
  • Lozenge
  • Elixir
  • Suspension
  • Aerosol spray or foam
  • Cream
  • Transdermal patch
  • Gel or jelly
  • Suppository
  • Lotion
  • Ointment
  • Paste
• Capsule


  A hard or soft gelatinous container to hold the drug in powder, liquid or oil form
• Tablet


  A powdered drug compressed into hard small disc; enteric-coated to prevent the dissolving effect in stomach
• Powder


  Finely ground drug in powder form
• Syrup


  An aqueous solution of sugar
• Lozenge


  Flat, round or oval preparation that dissolves and release when held in mouth
• Elixir


  Medication in a clear liquid containing water, alcohol, sweeteners and flavor
• Suspension


  Finely divided, undissolved particles in a liquid medium; should be shaken well before use
• Aerosol spray or foam


  Liquid, powder or foam deposited in a thin layer on the skin by air pressure
• Cream


  Nongreasy, semisolid preparation used on skin
• Transdermal patch


  Unit dose of medication applied directly to skin for diffusion through skin and absorption into the bloodstream
• Gel or jelly

  Clear or translucent semisolid that liquefies when used on skin
• Suppository


  An easily melted medication preparation in a firm base such as gelatin that is inserted into the body (rectum, vagina)
• Lotion


  Medication in a liquid suspension applied to skin
• Ointment


  Semisolid preparation containing a drug to be applied externally
• Paste


  Thicker or stiffer than an ointment that penetrates the skin
• Drug classification by effect on body systems

  • Respiratory system (e.g. decongestants / expectorants)
  • Renal system (e.g. antibiotic for urinary tract infection)
  • Cardiovascular system (e.g. antianginals / antihypertensive agents)
• Drug classification by clinical indication

  • Analgesic (e.g. Tramadol, Morphine)
  • Antibiotic (e.g. Augmentin)
• Drug indication


  The clinical purpose (the indication) for administering a drug
• Purposes of drug administration

  • Treatment and cure of a disease
  • Relief of a symptom
  • Prevention of disease
  • Diagnostic purpose
• Pharmacokinetics


  The effects of the body on the drug once it enters into the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
• Factors affecting drug absorption

  • Route of administration
  • Blood flow
  • pH value
  • Local condition at the site of administration
  • Drug dosage
• Absorption


  The process of drug is transferred from its site of entry into the body to the bloodstream
• Distribution


  Occurs after drug has been absorbed into the bloodstream and the drug is distributed throughout the body
• Metabolism


  The transformation of a drug from its original form to a new form, primarily in the liver
• Factors affecting drug metabolism

  • Age
  • Ethnicity
  • Presence of liver disease
• Excretion


  The process of elimination of the drug or metabolites from the body, primarily through the kidneys
• Factors affecting drug excretion

  • Kidney function
  • Age
• Therapeutic effect


  The intended and desirable reason for the prescription
• Adverse drug effect

  Undesirable effect other than the therapeutic effect, which may be predictable and tolerable or severe and require discontinuation of the drug
• Allergic effect


  Immunologic reaction when the body interprets the administered drug as a foreign substance and forms antibodies against the drug, manifested in symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, itching, etc.
• Anaphylactic reaction


  Severe allergic reaction with rapid onset that may be fatal without prompt treatment, involving swelling, shortness of breath, spasm of bronchial muscles, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse
• Drug tolerance


  When the body becomes accustomed to the effects of a particular drug over a period of time, requiring larger doses to produce the desired effect