RWS

• Critical reading - is engaging in analytic activity which involves the reader by asking questions about the text and the author's claim
• reasoning - is an act of giving statements for justification and explanation.
• critical reading - is not meant to criticize but to assess the validity of textual evidence.
• Identifying assertions - Identify by a common type of assertion such as fact, convention, opinion, and preference
• Formulating a counterclaim - Counterclaims are made to rebut a previous claim
• Determining evidence - Evidence is the details given by the authors to support his/her claims
• Evaluative Statement - It is a statement that states one's sound judgement about something through writing which is supported by reasons and evidences.
• How to Formulate an Evaluative Statement:

  To formulate an evaluative statement, one needs to read the entire text carefully and critically to understand and to check for possible fallacies in the argument presented by the writer.
• Assertions - are declarative sentences that give one's belief about something else as if it is true though it may not be.
• Four types of Assertions: FACT CONVENTION OPINION PREFERENCE
• FACT - is a statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research.
• CONVENTION - is a way in which something is done similar to traditions and norms.
• OPINION- is a statement based on facts but is difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness.
• PREFERENCE -states a personal choice in which the writer is under no obligation to support or prove the truthfulness of the statement.
• Ways to present textual evidence in writings

  • Paraphrasing
  • Summarizing
  • Referencing
  • Quoting
• Paraphrasing


  Restating the text in your own words
• Summarizing


  Stating in a shorter way for relevant details
• Referencing


  Mentioning a specific section in the text
• Quoting


  Directly restating a part of the text
• Textual evidence - is defined as the details given by the author in order to support his/her claims.
• opinion paragraph - on the issue by stating your assertion/ counterclaim, citing the textual evidences to prove your claim and explaining how these evidences support your opinion.
• book review - describes and evaluates a work of fiction or nonfiction and offers the book's overall purpose, structure, style of narration to the unknown readers.
• literature review (LR) - is a type of academic essay that examines what has already been written about a topic.
• Introduction


  Defines the topic and the scope being considered
• Main Body


  Organizes the evaluation of the sources whether chronologically or thematically
• Conclusion


  Offers the reviewer's justification of the conducted research
• References - reheat the impact and citation
• Research Report - is a long, formal essay, usually five to fifteen pages in length, which presents the writer's views and findings on a chosen subject.
• Introduction -

  • Notes intentional exclusions

  States the general findings of the review and the availability of the sources
• • Main Body -

  critical summary and evaluation of the research's premise, methodology, and conclusion

  Uses grammatical connectors, relational words or phrases and transitional devices
• Conclusion - \Summarizes the key findings of the review
• Components of a research report

  • Title
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Methodology
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References
• Title


  Reflects the content and emphasis of the project described in the report, should be as short as possible and include essential key words
• Abstract


  An overview of the research study, typically 2-4 paragraphs in length containing 200-300 words
• Introduction


  Provides the key question that the researcher is attempting to answer and a review of any relevant literature
• Methodology


  Allows readers to evaluate the quality of the research and provides the details by which another researcher may replicate and validate the findings
• Results


  Contains the data and perhaps a short introduction (in longer research papers)
• Discussion


  Where the results of the study are interpreted and evaluated against the existing body of literature
• References


  Provides a list of each author and paper cited in the research report
• Methods used by researchers

  • Sampling
  • Data collection
  • Data analysis