chapter 12 disorders and treatment

• appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix
• ascites: Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, a form of edema; may be caused by heart disease, lymphatic or venous obstruction, cirrhosis, or changes in blood plasma composition
• Barrett syndrome: Condition resulting from chronic esophagitis,
• biliary colic: Acute abdominal pain caused by gallstones in the bile ducts
• bilirubin: A pigment released in the breakdown of hemoglobin from red blood cells; mainly excreted by the liver in bile
• caries: tooth decay
• celiac disease: Inability to absorb foods containing gluten,
• cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder
• cirrhosis: Chronic liver disease with degeneration of liver tissue
• Crohn disease: A chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract usually involving the ileum and colon
• diarrhea : The frequent passage of watery bowel movements
• diverticulitis: Inflammation of diverticula
• diverticulosis: The presence of diverticula, especially in the colon
• dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing
• emesis: vomiting
• fistula: An abnormal passageway between two organs such as between the rectum and anus
• gastroenteritis: nflammation of the stomach and intestine.
• gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Condition caused by reflux of gastric juices into the esophagus
• heartburn: A warm or burning sensation felt behind the sternum and radiating upward.
• hemorrhoids: Varicose veins in the rectum associated with pain, bleeding, and sometimes rectal prolapse; piles
• hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver; commonly caused by a viral infection
• hepatomegaly: enlargement of the liver
• hiatal hernia: A protrusion of the stomach through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes
• icterus: jaundice
• ileus: Intestinal obstruction; may be caused by lack of peristalsis
• intussusception: Slipping of one intestinal segment into another part below it
• jaundice: A yellowish color of the skin,
• leukoplakia: White patches on mucous membranes,
• nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the upper abdomen that often precedes vomiting;
• occult blood: Blood present in such small amounts that it can be detected only microscopically
• pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas
• peptic ulcer: A lesion in the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum caused by the action of gastric juice
• peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum,
• polyp: A tumor that grows on a stalk and bleeds easily
• portal hypertension: An abnormal pressure increase in the hepatic portal system; may be caused by cirrhosis, infection, thrombosis, or a tumor
• pyloric stenosis: Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
• regurgitation: A backward flowing, such as the backflow of undigested food
• splenomegaly: enlargement of the spleen
• ulcerative colitis: Chronic ulceration of the rectum and colon; the cause is unknown, but may involve autoimmunity
• volvulus: Twisting of the intestine resulting in obstruction;