13 disorders and treatment

• acidosis excessive acidity of body fluids
• acute renal failure Loss of kidney function resulting from damage to the nephrons; causes may be injury, shock, toxins, or infections, among others
• bacteriuria presence of bacteria in the urine
• cast a solid mold of a renal tubule found in the urine
• cystisis Inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually as a result of infection
• dysuria painful or difficult voiding of urine
• hematuria blood in the urine
• glomerulonephritis inflammation of the kidney,
• hydronephrosis collection of urine in the renal pelvis caused by obstruction; results in distention and renal atrophy
• hypokalemia deficiency of potassium in the blood
• hyponatremia deficiency of sodium in the blood
• hypoproteinemia decreased amount of protein in the blood; may be caused by kidney damage resulting in protein loss
• hypoproteinemia decreased amount of protein in the blood; may be caused by kidney damage resulting in protein loss
• hyperkalemia excess potassium in the blood
• hypernatremia excess sodium in the blood
• nephrotic syndrome condition that results from glomerular damage leading to loss of protein in the urine
• oliguria elimination of small amounts of urine
• proteinuria presence of protein, mainly albumin, in the urine
• pyelonephritis inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney usually caused by infection
• pyuria presence of pus in the urine
• renal colic radiating pain in the region of the kidney associated with the passage of a stone
• uremia presence of toxic levers of urea and other nitrogenous substances in the blood as a result of renal insufficiency
• urethritis inflammation of the urethra,
• urinary stasis stoppage of urine flow; urinary stagnataion
• catheterization Introduction of a tube into a passage, such as through the urethra into the bladder for withdrawal of urine
• cystoscope an instrument for examining the interior of the urinary bladder; also used for removing foreign objects, for surgery, and for other forms of treatment.
• dialysis separation of substances by passage through a semipermeable membrane; dialysis is used to rid the body of unwanted substances when the kidneys are impaired or missing; the two forms of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
• hemodialysis removal of unwanted substances from the blood by passage through a semipermeable membrane
• intravenous pyelography (IVP) intravenous urography
• intravenous urography (IVU) Intravenous urography
• lithotripsy crushing of a stone
• peritoneal dialysis removal of unwanted substances from the bod by introduction of a dialyzing fluid into the peritoneal cavity followed by removal of the fluid
• retrograde pyelography Pyelography in which the contrast medium is injected ion the kidneys from below by way of the ureters
• specific gravity (SG) The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water; the specific gravity of normal urine ranges from 1.015 to 1.025; this value may increase or decrease in disease
• urinalysis laboratory study of the urine; physical and chemical properties and microscopic appearance are included
• cystectomy surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
• ileal conduit Diversion of urine by connection of the ureters to an isolated segment of the ileum' one end of the segment is sealed, and the other drains through an opening in the abdominal wall; a procedure used when the bladder is removed or nonfuctional; also called ileal bladder
• lithotomy Incision of an organ to remove a stone
• renal transplantation Surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient