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• the main reason for 'forced' culls of dairy cows is infertility. Other causes are mastitis and lameness
• the dorsal aorta carries blood to the organs in fish
• the ventral aorta carries blood to the gills in fish
• minerals are inorganic dry matter
• male and female broiler chicks are reared separately until 18 weeks old
• clipping or grinding of teeth in newborn piglets occurs in the first week of life
• slaughtered calves can be classed as veal until they are 8 months old
• a farrowing room should be maintained at 20 c until a week after farrowing when this should be reduced to 17 c
• cereal grains have a low protein quality as they do not contain essential amino acids
• guinea pigs need 10 mg/kg vitamin c supplementation, increased when they are pregnant or ill
• a preventative oral lungworm vaccine should be given to cows on their first season at grass
• the loss of 15% body water will kill a dog
• ducks should be handled by the neck as legs are easily broken
• the defining factor in finishing cattle is getting the right amount of fat
• pig units should be a minimum of 3-4 km from eachother
• swayback is copper deficiency in mid to late pregnant ewes
• pining is growth retardation associated with associated with a cobalt or vitamin B12 deficiency
• white muscle disease occurs due to a selenium or vitamin e deficiency
• calves' oesophogeal grooves become inactive from 12 weeks old
• layer hens are stimulated to start laying by longer light exposure: 9 hours at 6 weeks old to 15 hours at 20 weeks old. they start laying from 18-20 weeks old
• adrenal disease is a risk factor in neutered ferrets
• butyrate is the best VFA stimulant of rumen epithelial development
• the average live-born mortality rate in pig litters is 10 to 12 %