EAPP

• Academic Text


  • Based on opinions of educated scholars
  • Anything used in schools or classrooms
  • Use jargon or specialized language of the field
  • Contains information that is valid and reliable, and usually cites further references
• Types of Academic Text

  • Textbooks
  • Student Essays
  • Theses
  • Research Articles
  • Case Studies
  • Reports
• Factors that shape academic writing

  • Topic
  • Role
  • Purpose
  • Audience
• Formality in Writing


  • Formal language and highly formal language are the levels of language appropriate in academic professional settings
  • Language is formal because it follows rules, forms, and conventions of writing in a particular writing or discipline
• To make your academic writing style formal

  1. Avoid colloquial and slang expressions

  2. Limit the use of two-word prepositional verb that is commonly spoken language

  3. Avoid contractions and abbreviations

  4. Use more formal vocabulary
• Complexity in Writing


  • Observes the use of noun-based phrases and content or lexical words than function words in contrast with spoken language
  • Makes use of more subordinate clauses and complex words and phrases
• To achieve complexity


  1. Nominalization

  2. Noun-based Phrases

  3. Subordinate Clause

  4. Lexical Density
• Objectivity in Writing


  • Features that will help show the reader the emphasis is about what you are writing and not about you
  • Characterized by the use of the third person rather than first person
• Impersonality in Writing


  • Requires to avoid subjectivity
  • Avoid making statements that are not supported by evidence or examples
  • Avoid adjectives or adverbs that tend to exaggerate your description
• Explicitness: Maintaining the Flow in Writing


  • Shows the idea or information in the text are connected
  • The reader can determine if the idea belongs to the writer
  • Usage of transitional devices
• Hedging in Writing


  • Hedge entails tentativeness and possibility in communication
  • Enables to express a perspective on claims that have not been acclaimed
  • Also referred to as "cautious" language
• Constructing Structurally Correct Sentences

  A sentence should be written with a complete thought so that it is understood by the reader
• Plagiarism


  • Serious form of academic dishonesty
  • Defined as copying verbatim of language and ideas of other writers and taking credit for them
• Common types of Plagiarism

  • Direct Plagiarism
  • Self Plagiarism
  • Mosaic Plagiarism
  • Accidental Plagiarism
• Author-Oriented Citation


  Starts with the surname of the author, followed by the year of publication in parentheses
• Text-Oriented Citation


  • A paragraph or sentence from a source is followed with the surname of the author of the work and the year of publication
  • The citation must be enclosed in parentheses
• Another way of Citation


  Start the sentence or paragraph by using the phrase "According to..." followed by the surname of the author and the year of publication enclosed in parentheses
• Direct Quotation


  Employed for statements that are closely associated that altering the words may lose its rhetorical impact
• Ways of Paraphrasing


  • Literal Paraphrasing
  • Structural Paraphrasing
  • Alternative Paraphrasing
• Essay


  • Short piece of writing on a particular subject, often expressing personal views
  • Analytic or interpretive literary composition dealing with its subject from a limited or personal point of view
• Pattern of Short Essays

  • Introduction
  • Main Body
  • Conclusion
• Thesis Statement


  • Overall idea or argument of an essay
  • General statement that presents essential points that lead the reader to the right direction
  • Makes all parts of work stick together
• Topic Sentence


  • Main idea of a paragraph
  • It usually has one supporting point
• Outlining


  • Strategy in writing an essay
  • Usually in the form of a list divided into headings and subheadings that distinguish main points from supporting points
• Summarizing


  A synthesis of the key ideas of a piece of writing, restating in your own words
• Annotating


  The process of making critical or explanatory notes or comments
• Global Plagiarism - passing off an entire text by someone else as your work
• Verbatim Plagiarism - directly copying someone else's words
• Paraphrasing Plagiarism - rephrasing someone else's ideas to present them as your own
• Patchwork Plagiarism - stitching together parts of different sources to create your text
• Self Plagiarism - recycling your own past work
• Reaction paper - writing about what you have seen or experienced
• Reaction Paper

  • semi- formal
  • 1st person POV
  • opinionated/ personal observation
  • anyone can write
• Review Paper - sentences are highly in formal language , summarizes and evaluates text
• Review Paper

  • formal
  • 3rd person POV
  • terminologies used are jargon
  • writers should be experts/ professional in specific field
• Critique Paper

  • highly formal
  • 3rd person POV
  • written by a critic who is an expert
  • requires critical analysis and strong evidences
• Nominalization


  A noun or noun-phrase created from another kind of word, often a verb
• Subordinate Clause (dependent clause)


  Two simple sentences may be combined to show complexity
• Noun-based Phrases


  Transform phrases introduced by wh- using noun-based phrases
• Lexical Density


  A paragraph has lexical density when it contains more content words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs