4th

• Ethnocentrism- is a belief that one's own culture is better than others. They tend to compare, evaluate, and even judge other people's ways based on the values and standards set in one's own culture
• Cultural relativism- is a belief that cultures are equally complex. There is no such thing as superior or inferior culture
• Socialization- the process whereby an individual's standards, skills, motives, attitudes, and behaviors change to conform to those regarded as desirable and appropriate for his or her present and future role in any particular society.
• Focus of Socialization 1. Acquisition of Knowledge 2. Language 3. Values 4. Habits 5. Skill in the Society
• Primary Socialization- is a type of socialization that occurs early in a child's lifestyle and is primarily due to have an impact directly from the family and close friends.
• Secondary Socialization- is a type of socialization that occurs when a person learns on appropriate behavior to be displayed within a smaller group which still part of a larger society.
• Anticipatory Socialization- Adolescence is initiated between the ages of childhood and adulthood. During this stage, children start to participate in Anticipatory Socialization. They also learn about their group culture and what they should expect in the future
• Professional or Developmental Socialization- is a type of socialization that occurs during the early years of an individual's life. It develops his skills and attitudes for the future and prepares him for the various roles and responsibilities that he will assume as an adult.
• Re-Socialization- a type of socialization when an individual moves to a new group, he has to learn the new values and beliefs of the new group. This process of re-socialization helps him to get used to the new ways of life.
• CONTEXT- is a part of socialization that denotes culture, language, social structures, and the individual's rank within them. It includes the history and roles played by the people and institutions in the past.
• CONTENT & PROCESS Content and Process- is a part of socialization that is the work or activity in socialization. Content refers to the details of what passed from a member to a new member. While process means the interactions and ways these new norms, values and customs are thought to a novice.
• RESULTS & OUTCOMES- is a part of socialization that refers to what happens to an individual after being exposed to a particular contents and process
• BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT-is a context of socialization where Sociobiologists suggest that some human capacities may be "wired into" our biological makeup. Some hormones (i.e. vasopressin and oxytocin) encourage human to interact and socialize with other people.
• PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT- is a context of socialization where It is composed of (1) emotional states and unconsciousness (2) cognitive theories of development (3) social and historical events
• Socialization is also known as enculturation. Enculturation occurs when cultural knowledge is passed on to the next bearer which will perpetuate and ensure the continuance of their traditions and practices
• IDENTITY INFORMATION- is the result of overall enculturation and socialization process where an individual's identity is formed through his interaction with other people. A person's socialization with individuals or groups allows him or her to imbibe certain characteristics and interests that contribute to his/her identity.
• NORMS AND VALUES- it is the overall result of enculturation and socialization process. These are culturally determined rules that guide people regarding what is right, wrong, proper, or improper. It creates predictability in daily affairs and interactions, making it easier to live with other members of society
• STATUS- it is the overall result of enculturation and socialization process where It is a position that an individual can occupy in society (Newman, 2012). It is not ranked position, but simply a label that implies certain roles that must be performed.
• ACHIEVED STATUS- is a type of status-- is one that a person has earned or chosen based on his/her abilities and hard work.
• Ascribed status- it is a type of status that is not earned, and it is not something that people have control over.
• Symbol- is an object, word, or action that stands for something else, without natural relationship, that is culturally defined. Such as gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words, help people understand the world. It provides clues to understanding experiences.
• Symbolism- It is when something represents abstract ideas or concepts; it assigns names, denominations, and defines relations between various elements (actors, actions, goals, means, objects, values, etc.) articulated within a narrative.
• Practices- are shared perceptions of how people routinely behave in a society or social group's customary ways of doing things
• Cultural Symbol- manifestation that signifies ideology of a particular culture that has meaning within that culture
• Social Symbols- relating to human societies and its modes of organization (i.e., social classes, social problems, social issues, etc.)
• Political symbols- usually used to embody an ideology, an advocacy, or a group of people with same principles. Political practices are common things that are done within a state or country
• Economic Symbols- This represents economic standpoint.
• Human evolution- is the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors
• BIPEDALISM - it is the ability to walk in two legs
• Biological Evolution-pertains to as any genetic change in a population that is inherited over several generations
• Charles Darwin (1809-1882)- is an English Naturalist who conceptualized the Theory of Evolution which holds that all species of plants and animals developed from earlier forms by hereditary transmission of slight variations in successive generations, and that natural selection determines which forms will survive.
• ARCHAEOLOGY- It is study of material remains of past to understand how early human civilization works.
• ANTHROPOLOGY- scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species
• Africa- continent is considered as the seat of human evolution. Additionally, studies shows that the modern homo sapiens has physical and genetic similarities to primate species, the apes
• Hominids- were the early proto- humans. They were known for sharpening objects with silicon rocks. They began to master the use of their hands and fingers.
• Homo Habilis- Its name, which means 'handy man', was given in 1964 because this species was thought to represent the first maker of stone tools.
• Homo Erectus- the oldest known early humans to have possessed modern human-like body proportions with relatively elongated legs and shorter arms compared to the size of the torso.
• Homo Sapiens- like other early humans that were living at this time, they gathered and hunted food, and evolved behaviors that helped themrespond to the challenges of survival in unstable environments
• Early humans are also called NOMADS because they tend to move from place to place looking for food to eat.
• Lewis Morgan- man's development evolved from savagery to civilized. Early humans were able to utilize materials in their surroundings like stones, woods, fire and etc.