EAPP Q3

• Context Clues - Words or sentences surrounding the unfamiliar word that give hints on its meaning.
• Example Clue - These are easy to spot.
• Example Clue - First, the author will mention a word and then give examples that either describe or explain it.
• Example Clue

  Such as

  Like

  For example

  For instance

  As an illustration
• Example Clue

  Ex: Carbohydrates such as pasta, bread, and rice may contribute weight gain.
• Synonym or Definition Clues - The meaning of the unfamiliar word is given in the sentence.
• Synonym or Definition Clues

  • Or
  • In other words
  • That is
  • By this we mean
  • That is to say
  • Also known as
• Synonym or Definition Clues

  Ex: Caught in an epiphany, that is, a sudden, strong, and clear realization, i suddenly knew how to solve my dilemma.
• Antonym or Contrast Clues - The meaning of an unfamiliar word is given in the sentence.
• Antonym or Contrast Clues

  • But however
  • On the other hand
  • Nevertheless
  • Yet
  • In contrast or Contrary
• General Clue - Making sense of a word's meaning by largely depending on your common sense requires you to use your knowledge and experience.
• General Clue

  Ex: Paul  knew he just made a cultural faux pas when he kissed the Muslim woman on the cheek and he was met with a dead, stunned stare!
• Faux pas - An embarrassing or tactless act or remark in a social situation
• Dead, stunned stare - is an indicator that the action of kissing is not acceptable based on the prior knowledge and this expression is a mark of a displeased behavior or reaction.
• English as a foreign language (EFL)


  The practice of studying English in a country where it is not the dominant language
• English as a second language (ESL)


  The practice of learning English in a country where it is widely spoken, but not as a primary language
• English for specific purposes (ESP)


  The English words and sentences as well as the subject matter discussed all relate to a particular field or discipline
• Examples of ESP


  • A lawyer writing a brief
  • A diplomat preparing a policy paper
• Characteristics of ESP


  • The courses make use of vocabulary and tasks related to the field, such as negotiation skills, effective techniques for oral presentations, writing academic papers for a particular field of specialization or discipline
  • It uses materials that are specifically designed to meet the needs of a specific group of learners
• Structuralist view of language


  • Language is primarily vocal
  • Language is a system of systems
• Cognitivist view of language


  • Language is innate (Inborn)
  • Language is creative
  • Language is a mental phenomenon
  • Language is universal
  • Language is arbitrary
• Functionalist view of language


  • Language is a dynamic system where members of speech community exchange information
  • Language emphasizes the meaning and functions rather than grammatical characteristics
  • Language is a means of communication
• Interactionalist view of language


  • Language is a vehicle for establishing interpersonal relations
  • Language is a vehicle for performing social transactions between individuals
  • Language shapes the way we think
  • Language shapes identity
  • Language is dynamic
• Literary theory


  A tool that we can use to arrive at a better understanding of literary works
• Elements of a comprehensive theory of literature

  • The work
  • The artist
  • The universe
  • The audience
• The work


  The artistic product itself—a poem, a novel, a short story, or a piece of dramatic writing
• The artist


  The producer of the work, the person who wrote or composed the work
• The universe


  • The subject of the work ("people and actions, ideas and feelings, material things, and events, or super-sensible essence")
  • The "theme"
• The audience


  The readers for whom the work is intended, or those who may have access to the work
• Literary theory orientation


  A theory may have one major orientation and emphasize only one of the four elements
• Pragmatic 


  • Art is designed to affect its audience (pleases, teaches, motivates, etc)
  • Views literature "as a means to an end, an instrument for getting something done"
• Mimetic theory


  This theory explains art as essentially an imitation of aspects of the universe. Plato said that literature or art in general is but an imitation of what exists in the world which itself, is but an imperfect copy of Ideal World.
• Expressive theory


  This theory focuses on the artist as the producer of a work of art, and the one who establishes the criteria by which the work is to be judged. The primary source and subject matter of a work of art are internal—the perceptions, thoughts, and feelings of the artist.
• Objective theory


  This theory considers a work of art without connecting it to the external reference. The literary work is regarded as a self-sufficient entity whose various parts or elements are interrelated. The literary work should be judged "solely by criteria intrinsic to its own mode of being".
• Academic text/article


  A reading material that provides information including the concepts and theories related to the specific discipline. Written by professionals in a given field; edited by the author's peers and take years to publish. Their language is formal and contains words and terms typical to the field. The authors' names will be present, as will their credentials. There will be a list of references that indicate where the author obtained the information s/he is using in the article.
• Structure of academic text/article

  Formal, logical, and cohesive (introduction, body, and conclusion)
• Sound reasoning


  Is used everyday. We make daily decisions and judgements based on sound reasoning, even in the most significant thing we do for the day.
• Deductive reasoning


  From general statement to a specific one.
• Inductive reasoning


  From specific to general
• The conclusion for both deductive and inductive reasoning is only acceptable if the preceding premises are acceptable.