PR1

• Research


  A step-by-step process of investigation that uses a standardized approach in answering a question or solving a problem
• Purpose of research


  To answer a question or to solve an issue
• Characteristics of research


  • Systematic - There is a system to follow in conducting research
  • Objective - Involves the objective process of analyzing phenomena of importance
  • Feasible - Any problem that directly or indirectly affects a profession is a feasible problem to study
  • Empirical - There should be supporting evidence and details for every variable used
• The Law: Republic Act No. 8293 - An Act Prescribing the Intellectual Property Code and Establishing the Intellectual Property Office, providing for its powers and functions, and for other purpose
• Clear


  The choice of variables used in the study should be explained by the researcher
• Research paradigm


  An outline that guides the researcher in conceptualizing and conducting the research
• Important aspects of an effective research

  • Research Foundation
  • Research Methodology
• Research Foundation


  The fundamental components of research such as the research problem, purpose, question, and conceptual framework
• Research gap


  An issue that has not been fully addressed by previous studies
• Four components to consider in establishing the research gap: the current state of the field, the current and conventional practices in addressing the issue, the research gap, and the present study's contribution to addressing the research gap
• IMRAD


  Introduction, Methodology, Results and Discussion
• Research Design


  Enables the researcher to organize the components of the research, ensures the research will effectively address the topic/problem, and provides a template for data collection, measurement, and analysis
• Qualitative research


  The naturalistic method of inquiry that deals with the issue of human complexity by exploring it directly
• Characteristics of qualitative research

  • Conducted in a systematic and rigorous way
  • Usually follows an iterative process
  • Focuses on gathering information from people who can provide the richest insights
  • Data collection is continuous until saturation
  • Examines everyday life in its natural contact or in an uncontrolled naturalistic setting
• Value of qualitative research


  Provides context and meaning, explores the why and how, and develops greater understanding of outcomes that are important, relevant, and meaningful to the people involved
• Common types of qualitative research

  • Ethnographic Study
  • Historical Study
  • Case Study
  • Grounded-theory Study
  • Narrative Analysis
  • Critical Qualitative Research
  • Post Modern Research
  • Phenomenological Design
  • Basic Interpretative Qualitative Study
  • Interpretative Phenomenological
• You want to know the lived experiences of your classmates with OFW parents amidst pandemic - Phenomenological Design
• You want to know how children with special needs cope with online learning amidst the pandemic - Phenomenological Design
• You want to know the perspective of the research leaders amidst the pandemic - Basic Interpretative Qualitative Study
• You want to know how relatives of COVID-19 patients deal with their situation - Phenomenological Design
• You want to know the problems faced by tourist guides during the pandemic - Basic Interpretative Qualitative Study
• Strengths of qualitative research


  • The study requires a few cases or participants
  • Data collected are based on the participants' own categories of meaning
  • Useful for describing complex phenomena
  • Issues can be examined in detail and in depth
  • Interviews are not restricted to specific questions
  • Subtleties and complexities are often missed by more positivistic inquires
  • Provides individual case information
  • Cross-case comparisons and analysis can be conducted
  • Provides understanding and description of people's personal experiences
  • Can describe phenomena as they are situated and embedded in local contexts
  • Identifies contextual and setting factors as they relate to the phenomenon
• Weaknesses of qualitative research

  • Knowledge produced might not be applicable to other people or settings
  • Inflexibility is more difficult to maintain, assess and demonstrate
  • Not as well understood and accepted as quantitative research
  • Researcher's presence can affect subjects' response
  • Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can present problems
  • Difficult to make quantitative predictions
  • Difficult to test hypothesis and theories with large participants' pool
  • Lower credibility with some administrators and commissioners
  • Generally takes more time to collect data
  • Data analysis is often time-consuming
  • Results are more easily influenced by researcher's biases
• Factors to consider in identifying and selecting a research topic

  • Relevance
  • Interest
  • Manageability
  • Available sources
• Examples of research topics

  • Effects of Modern Media on Views of Gender
  • Effectively of Brightspace LMS
  • Fake news and Media Literacy
  • Learning devices and academic performances
  • Assessment of learning
  • Impact of Green Marketing
• Research title


  Prefaces the study by providing a summary of the main idea and is usually short and concise
• Research title


  • Requires more consideration on the part of the researcher
  • Words like "methods", "results" and "investigations" should not appear in title
  • Problem of the research can serve as a title when written in a statement form
• Characteristics of a good research title

  • It should summarize the main idea of the paper
  • It should be concise statement of the main topic
  • It should include the major variables of the research study
  • It should be self-explanatory
  • It should describe or imply the participants of the study
• Elements in the research title

  • Major Variables
  • Participants of the study
  • Topics or Themes
  • Outputs
• Research problem


  States the area of concern of the research paper whether it is a circumstance needing development, aa difficulty requiring attention, or an inquiry necessitating an answer
• Characteristics of research problems

  • It conveys a feeling of discomfort or difficulty
  • It has perceived in difficulty in broad subject such as family affairs, home management and leadership system
  • It displays a gap between theory and practice: what is said by the elders and what students see and observe
  • Utilizes a procedure requiring technologically advances equipment
  • It involves the experience of any kind of individual
  • It shows some kind of pattern or trend
  • It makes use of literature reviews, continuous readings, and past studies
  • It relates to an individual's curiosity and interest
• External criteria for formulating research topic

  • Novelty
  • Availability of the Subjects
  • Support of the academic community
  • Availability and adequacy of facilities and equipment
  • Ethical consideration
• Internal criteria for formulating research topic

  • Experience, training & qualifications of the researcher
  • Motivation, interest, intellectual curiosity, & perceptiveness of the researcher
  • Cost and returns
  • Time factor
  • Hazards, penalties, & handicaps
  • Feasibility
  • Innovative quality
• Research title making guide


  • Consider your research method
  • Know and prioritize your variable
  • Use word that speaks of your design
  • Use of local and participants is optional
• Ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility. The important values include trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness.
• Adherence to the ethical principle helps build public support for research.
• Ethical codes and policies for research

  • Honesty
  • Objectivity
  • Integrity
  • Care
  • Openness
  • Respect for intellectual property
  • Confidentiality
  • Responsible publication
  • Responsible mentoring
  • Respect colleagues
  • Social responsibility
  • Non-discrimination
  • Competence
  • Legality
  • Human subject protection
• Rights of the research participant

  • Voluntary Participation
  • Informed consent
  • Risk of harm
  • Confidentiality
  • Anonymity
• Ethical standards in research writing

  • Findings should be reported with complete honesty
  • International misinterpretation, misinformation, and misleading claims must be avoided
  • Appropriate credit should be given using other people's work
  • Plagiarism should be avoided by fully acknowledging all content belonging to others
• Plagiarism


  The act of using another person's ideas, words, processes, and results without giving due credit