chapter 1 to chapter 10 (pos102)

• Capacity


  The means at the disposal of the state to implement official goals, especially over the actual or potential opposition of powerful social groups or in the face of recalcitrant socioeconomic circumstances
• Elite-dominated politics


  A condition where a national oligarchy essentially recruited from families of long-standing economic wealth or political dominance or both has continued to define the nature and direction of electoral politics
• Ethnic nation


  A nation based on ethnicity; such a nation is assumed to be composed of one ethnolinguistic group
• Nation


  A large group whose members believe they belong together on the basis of a shared identity as a people; an imagined social and political community
• Nation-state


  An entity resulting from the convergence of a nation and a state; it is considered an alignment of the political unit (state) and the unit of culture (nation)
• Politics of survival


  A condition where state leaders, in order to ensure their own survival, end up accommodating and compromising with the local leaders so much so that corruption, patrimonial plunder, electoral fraud, and clan-based politics become a prevalent practice in the process of governing
• State


  An organization composed of numerous agencies led and coordinated by the state's leadership (executive authority), which has the ability or authority to make and implement the binding rules for all the people as well as the parameters of rule making for other social organizations in a given territory, using force if necessary
• Territorial nation


  A nation that emerged from a predefined territory; such a nation is composed of several ethnolinguistic groups
• Weak state


  States that are not autonomous or strong enough to survive or function effectively, with their ability to formulate and implement goals and policies being often compromised
• Democracy


  Literally, simply means rule by the people but substantively demands both popular participation and governance in the public interest; this political regime can take a wide variety of forms
• Democratization


  The advance of social and liberal-democratic reform, implying among others, the granting of basic freedoms to the citizenry and the widening of popular participation and electoral choice
• Public


  Any group of people conjoined in some specific interest and directly affected by its management
• Public opinion


  The views, sentiments, and attitudes expressed by a significant number of people on any issue of general importance
• Survey


  A data collection technique that asks questions of a sample of respondents generally at a single point in time, either with a self-administered questionnaire or an interviewer
• Survey Research


  One of the most common research methods in the social sciences that may be used for descriptive, explanatory, and exploratory purposes, and is probably the best method available to those interested in collecting data for describing a population too large to observe directly
• Anti-Sedition Law


  The law passed by the Philippine Commission in 1901 that punishes persons who advocate independence or separation from US sovereignty even by peaceful means
• Antis


  The group against the Hare Hawes Cutting Bill of the early 1930s. It is a faction within the Nationalist Party led by Quezon who eventually worked for the passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934
• Collectivistas


  The faction within the Nationalist Party that was allied with Quezon in 1922. They considered themselves in favor of collective leadership (under Quezon). Their protagonist was the Unipersonalistas under Osmeňa
• Federal Party


  The first Philippine political party established in 1900 by Trinidad Pardo de Tavera. Its platform was anchored on the eventual entry of the Philippines into the Union
• Gobernadorcillo


  The elective administrative post of the town during the Spanish period
• Jones Law


  Also known as the Philippine Organic Act passed by the US Congress in 1916, the law called for the election of the members of the Philippine Commission transforming it into the Philippine Senate
• Nationalist Party


  The party that was founded in March 1907 under the leadership of notable personalities such as Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña
• Partyless Democracy


  The principle of ending the importance or influence of political parties in the administration of the government. It was adopted by Quezon to propagate a more president-centered kind of administration
• Philippine Assembly


  The country's first legislative body established in 1907. By 1916, it became the House of Representatives
• Philippine Commission


  A body, created by the Americans in 1899, composed of persons appointed by the US president and working in an advisory capacity to the governor-general. By 1916, the it became the Senate composed of elected members
• Principales


  Generally, the principal men of the town
• Pros


  The faction within the Nationalist Party allied with Osmeña and in favor of the conditions or Philippine independence as provided for in the Hare Hawes Cutting Bill of the early 1930s
• Sakdalista Party


  The party was established by Benigno Ramos as a third party that eventually had a mass following especially from central and southern Luzon. The party achieved some degree of electoral success but eventually died out after it initiated an uprising that was violently crushed by the government
• Terceristas


  Established in the early 1910s, they considered themselves a third party to the two contending political groups at the time- the Nationalist Party and the Democratic Party
• Tydings-Mcduflie Act


  The bill that was substituted to the Hare Hawes Cutting Bill and was passed by the US Congress in 1934. It provides for the eventual granting of independence to the Philippines
• Unipersonalistas


  The group allied with Osmeña and believed to be in favor of "personal" and single leadership of the Nationalist Party in 1922
• Collaborators


  Persons who occupied positions in government during the war ostensibly serving the interests of the Japanese. After the war, many collaborators ere eventually pardoned because they were apparently acting on orders of the Commonwealth government or the US armed forces at the time
• Guest candidate


  A member of one party running under the banner of another party without losing his/her original membership. The first guest candidate was Claro Recto, a Nacionalista who ran under the wing of the Liberal Party in 1955 because his party accepted a member of the Liberal Party at the time as its standard bearer, Ramon Magsaysay
• Hukbalahap


  It was established during the war by the Communist Party of the Philippines as its armed component against the Japanese. After the war, the Huks, as they were called, became the armed means through which the Communist Party would pursue its political program, especially up to the early 1950s
• Kalibapi


  It was established in 1942 to replace the political parties in the country that were disbanded during the war. It was intended to act as a service organization in aid of Japanese war objectives
• Liberal Party


  This started out as the Liberal Wing of the Nationalist Party that eventually separated in 1949. Its founder is Manuel Roxas who was originally a Nacionalista but decided to run against another prominent member of the party, Sergio Osmeña, in the elections of that year
• Makapili


  It was established in 1944 as a hedge against the unenthusiastic cooperation of the Filipino government leadership toward the Japanese
• April 6 Liberation Movement


  A group that derived its name from the first anti- Marcos demonstration (i.e., noise barrage) since the declaration of martial law which came in the wake of the 1978 elections for members of the interim National Assembly
• Block voting


  A mechanism for voting groups of candidates or a single political party rather than writing down the names of individual candidates. It was one of the means used by Ferdinand Marcos to ensure the victory of the KBL
• Citizen assemblies


  The mechanism used by Ferdinand Marcos in 1973 to ratify and later amend the constitution that would justify constitutional authoritarianism. These assemblies are composed of barangays or villages