Ethics

• Norm - standard or pattern especially of social behavior that is typical or expected of a group
• Standard - a level of quality of attainment, it is also an idea or thing use as a measure, norm comparative evaluation
• Evaluation - the making of a judgement about the amount number or value of something
• Identify fundamental ethical values - Evaluation
• Moral - kinds of actions they believe are morally right and wrong as well as the value they place on the kinds of object
• What is Norm?

  standard or pattern especially of social behavior that is typical or expected of a group
• What is Standard?

  a level of quality of attainment, it is also an idea or thing use as a measure
• Differences between Moral and Non-moral

  • Moral - respect other people
  • Non-moral - doesn't affect other people
• Characteristics of Moral

  1. Welfare of beings
  2. relies on sound reasoning
  3. Impartial, fair and just
  4. Emotions and Vocabulary
  5. Deals with matter we think seriously injure or benefits humans
• Non-moral - refer to the standards by which we judge what is good or bad and right and wrong in a non-moral way
• What is Non-Moral

  refer to the standards by which we judge what is good or bad and right and wrong in a non-moral way
• Non-moral

  Matter of taste or preference/choice
• What is Evaluation?

  the making of a judgement about the amount number or value of something
• What is Moral?

  kinds of actions they believe are morally right and wrong as well as the value they place on the kinds of object
• Characteristics of Non-moral

  1. The welfare of nonbeings relies in authority
  2. Religion and Tradition/cultures
  3. Self-interest
• Example of Non-moral

  • table manners
  • general etiquette
  • clothing
• Dilemma - it is a situation where a person has to choose between 2 or more conflicting opinion, neither of which is acceptable
• Moral Dilemma - it is a conflict which is you have to choose two or more moral values in choosing that action
• What is Dilemma

  it is a situation where a person has to choose between 2 or more conflicting opinion, neither of which is acceptable
• What is Moral Dilemma

  it is a conflict which is you have to choose two or more moral values in choosing that action
• 3 levels of Moral Dilemma

  1. Individual Moral Dilemma
  2. Organizational Moral Dilemma
  3. Systematic / Structural Moral Dilemma
• Individual moral dilemma - this are personal level ( you can solve it on your own )
• Organizational moral dilemma - ethical cases encountered and resolve by social organization such as business, hospital, public sectors, etc...
• Systematic / Structural moral dilemma - ethical standard that are universal and general
• • Based on self principle
  • individual rights and justice

  Individual moral dilemma
• • you can resolve with the help of other people
  • welfare of the organization vs. welfare of yourself
  • you need help with friends and family

  Organizational moral dilemma
• involves our country/people around us to resolve the dilemma

  Systematic / Structural moral dilemma
• Give me example of organizational moral dilemma

  • sexual harassment
  • bullying
• Give me example of systematic / structural moral dilemma

  • poverty
  • vaccine
  • education
  • drugs
• Process in solving moral dilemma

  1. Identify the duties that conflict in the situation
  2. Formulate a question of ethics that reflects the conflict
  3. Decide which duty should have priority and support of the choice
• Free Will - According to Oxford Languages, Free will is the idea that we are able to have some choice on how we act and assume that we are free to choose our behaviour.
• Freedom

  • Requisite for Moral responsibility
  • Needed for Moral Responsibility
  • Power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint (Novelo, 2020)
• Immanuel Kant (April 22, 1724 - Feb 12, 1804)

  German Philosopher
• Power to initiate one action from one self the only way to exercise freedom is through the law of own will that is called moral law. 
• According to Immanuel Kant:

  The absence of choice is dilemma
• “To act freely is to act autonomously”

  Immanuel Kant
• Autonomously

  • Having the right/power of self-government 
  • Acting freely is = acting morally
• Having the right/power of self-government

  Autonomously
• Role of freedom in Morality

  • A virtue man is a free man
  • Freedom is rooted in Reason and Will
  • In every action → determines who you are → identity
  • The true requirement of freedom is Responsibility
  • More freedom, More Opportunity
• Freewill

  According to Oxford Languages, Free will is the idea that we are able to have some choice on how we act and assume that we are free to choose our behaviour.