Global Development

• Development


  The idea of how countries grow and change over time. This is linked to money and wealth (economic), but also to do with improvements in social factors such as better health care and human rights.
• Emerging country


  A country that is seeing rapid growth in industry and improvements in standards of living
• Differences between a developing country and a developed country

  • Developing countries would have lower life expectancy than DC, with higher birth rates
  • They may have lower literacy rates and higher Infant mortality
• Life expectancy at birth

  The average age people are expected to live to based on year of birth
• Infant mortality


  The number of children who die per year/1000
• Maternal mortality


  The number of women who die in childbirth per year/1000
• Literacy rate


  % of adults who can read and write
• GNP


  Value of goods and services produced both in the country and in its businesses abroad. In US$ and gives idea of wealth of country
• GNP per capita


  Value of goods and services produced both in the country and in its businesses abroad divided by population. In US$ and gives idea of wealth of country per person.
• HDI


  A compound measure of development that gives us a better understanding of standards of living than just looking at one factor
• Variables used for HDI

  • GNP/GNI per capita
  • Life expectancy
  • Expected number of school years
  • Average number of school years
• Access to internet and technology


  Important for development as it attracts businesses who want to invest in the country / region. Encourages economic development
• Gini coefficient


  A measure of inequality within a country
• Factors affecting development


  • Economic
  • Technological
  • Social
  • Cultural
• Water security


  Countries / population has access to a sustainable and adequate water supply. The water has to be of acceptable quality as well as quantity to class as being secure.
• Inequality in the UK

  • Remote areas such as Scottish Highlands are inaccessible so more difficult to develop
  • Decline in industry (de-industrialisation) in traditional heartlands has led to deprivation in those areas and high unemployment
• Bottom up development through NGOs

  1. Non government agencies, such as Water Aid will often work with the local communities to provide sustainable projects

  2. An example is Water Aid, that works with local communities in Kenya to improve access to safe water and education on hygiene
• NGO


  Non government organisation - these are charities such as Oxfam who work to support people who need it
• FDI


  Foreign Direct Investment - where companies invest in other companies eg Apple building factories in China
• TNCs


  Trans-national companies/corporations - large businesses who have factories in more than one country eg Toyota
• Top down development through TNCs

  1. TNCs can work with a government to invest in a country

  2. This Foreign Direct Investment can create jobs and build up the industry in a country

  3. This can have knock on effects as develops a skilled workforce and brings new technology into the country
• International strategies to reduce uneven development

  1. International aid and debt relief – provides an income for poorer countries

  2. This can improve infrastructure in the country or be invested in improving technology and services such as schools
• Impacts of uneven development

  • People on low incomes may have poorer or vulnerable housing eg shanty towns in cities such as Mumbai
  • Lack of water security in some countries has led to increase in waterborne diseases. This has knock on effects of higher deaths and people not able to work
• Causes of global inequalities

  • If a country is land locked, it is more difficult to trade so may not develop as quickly
  • Colonialism led to exploitation of poorer countries by richer ones. This led to unequal trading between the countries
• Location of India


  Located in southern Asia, with the Bay of Bengal to the east and Arabian Sea to the west. Shares a border with 6 countries including Pakistan and China.
• Characteristics of the physical geography of India

  • Varied climate from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the north
  • Has a monsoon season, which brings vital rain for farming
• Characteristics of the human geography of India

  • Nearly 1.3 billion people live in India (1/6 of world population)
  • 80% of population are Hindu, with 13% Muslim
  • Split into 29 states
• Indian diaspora


  The spread of the Indian population and culture abroad. Over 20 million Indian people live in 100 countries across the world. Important to the economy as they send remittances (money) back to their families in India, which is a vital source of income.
• Core region


  The most developed regions of India eg Mumbai. Tend to have higher GNP and most of industrial output (Mumbai has 25% of India's industry). Higher literacy rates, especially amongst females and higher life expectancy.
• Changes to India's economic sectors since the 1980's


  • GNP from agriculture has decreases from37.2% to 14.5% due to the increased importance of tertiary and quaternary sectors
  • Primary workforce has also decreased due to mechanisation of the farms
  • Services and quaternary sectors more important with services 67.1% of GNP. Due to low cost labour and also a large number of population speak English
• Changes to India's population structure since 1970

  • Birth rates have lowered due to government family planning programme
  • Life expectancy increased due to better health care
• Factors that have led to a change in India's population structure

  • Infant and maternal mortality rates have fallen and life expectancy has increased from 50 years in the 60's to 68 now
  • This is due to improvements in healthcare in India and also improvements in standards of living for many people
• India's sustainability efforts


  1. Smart Cities Mission – working in 100 cities to improve standards of living

  2. To do this they are aiming to improve water supplies and sanitation across the cities, as well as creating affordable housing for the poor
• Growth leading to increased pressure on India's environment

  • As there has been increased car ownership, especially in the main cities such as Mumbai, this has led to high levels of air pollution
  • As population has grown, the pressure for new land for agriculture and urban areas has led to deforestation
• Positive impact of colonial legacy to the UK


  Most middle classes of India speak English, this has allowed the development of a services industry such as call centres, which have relocated from England
• Negative impact of colonial legacy to the UK


  The English government partitioned Pakistan from India in 1948. The border has led to disputes and tensions between the 2 countries in the Kashmir region
• Non alignment policy


  India has a non-alignment policy, which means it does not favour either USA or Russia, this means it has been able to stay neutral
• Benefits of a non alignment policy for India

  Able to trade with both countries and also shares technology of aircrafts and weapons with both
• Trade balance


  Difference between imports into India and exports out of India
• Why India has a trade deficit

  The value of the goods it is exporting are lower than the value of the goods they need to import